Topic 3: challenges of an urbanising world

Question 1

what is a Megacity

Answer 1

a city with a population of 10 million people or more

Question 2

what is a primate city

Answer 2

a country that dominates economic financial and political systems

Question 3

what is rural- urban migration

Answer 3

moving from the countryside to a town/city

Question 4

name 3 push factors that impact rural -urban migration

Answer 4

any 3 from:
better job oppertunities
better standard of living
healthcare is more accessible
bright lights
families live there

Question 5

name 3 pull factors that cause rural to urban migration

Answer 5

Any 3 from
overcrowding
pollution
war/conflict with other countries
lack of employment
pressure on the land
crop failure

Question 6

Name 3 characteristics of formal employment

Answer 6

Any 3 from
large scale
high level skills required
funding and lots of equipment to start
set hours for work
taxes need to be payed to the government

Question 7

Name 3 characteristics of informal employment

Answer 7

Any 3 from
small scale
low level skills
little funding to start
often self employed
located at home or on the street
no taxes need to be payed

Question 8

Name the 5 stages of a city changing over time

Answer 8

Urbanisation
sub-urbanisation
de-industrialisation
counter urbanisation
regeneration of

Question 9

What is urbanisation

Answer 9

The increasing population of people living in towns and cities

Question 10

what is national migration

Answer 10

when people move to a city in the same country

Question 11

what is international migration

Answer 11

when people move from one country to a city in another country

Question 12

how is economic change/ migration causing developing countries or grow or decline

Answer 12

cities in developing countries are growing. This is because:
1) rural areas are very poor - improvements in agriculture mean fewer farm workers are needed. This leads to national migration to cities as people seek better jobs. There are lots of opportunities in the informal sector, for low skilled migrants from rural areas
2) some cities have good transport links so trade is focused here - providing lots of jobs
3) some cities are attracting foreign companies and manufacturing industry is expanding

Question 13

how is economic change/migration causing emerging countries to grow/decline

Answer 13

1) some cities in emerging countries are growing and some have stabilising populations. some have become industrial centres- there are lots of manufacturing jobs. other cities have a rapidly expanding service sector. people move to the cities to work in the new industries and services in supporting them
2) as countries get wealthier they are investing in flagship projects this creates more jobs and is attracting workers

Question 14

how is economic change/migration causing developed countries to grow/decline

Answer 14

some cities in developed countries have stable populations an others are declining

Question 16

What is urbanisation

Answer 16

Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of the population living in built up urban areas. Urban areas spread into the surrounding countryside as the population increases. Cities in developed countries grew during the Industrial Revolution. Workers lived in small terrorist houses around the factories in the city centres. When factories relocated to emerging countries in the 70s and 80s slums and apartment blocks sprang up around them to house the workers

Question 17

What is suburbanisation

Answer 17

Suburbanisation is the movement of people from the middle of the city to the edges – urban areas expand rapidly as housing has built in the outskirts. It began occurring in the early 20th century in many developed countries. Urbanization caused urban areas to become overcrowded and polluted, with little natural space. Suburban areas offered more green spaces and seemed a little more family friendly. Improvement in transport networks mean that people can live in the suburbs and commute to this city to work

Question 18

What is de industrialisation

Answer 18

As countries develop, they experience d industrialization full stop out of City centers into rural areas where rents are cheaper. Overseas to countries where costs are lower this is known as a global shift for stop d industrialization can lead to D population as people leave the Old industrialized areas. The city centre and industrial zones on the edges of cities declined – unemployment increases leading to lower living standards and poverty. Shops, restaurants and other amenities close

Question 19

What is counter urbanisation

Answer 19

Counter urbanisation is the movement of people away from large urban areas to smaller settlements and rural areas. In many developed countries this process began in the 1970s and 80s. People think they’ll have a higher quality of life in rural areas and house prices are often lower. Increased car ownership and improved public transport mean that people can live further from the city and commute to work. Improved communication services make it easier for people to live in rural areas and work from home. This also means that some companies no longer need to be in a city centre and can move to rural areas where land is cheaper.

Question 20

What is regeneration

Answer 20

Since the 1990s some city centres in developed countries have undergone regeneration to reverse the decline of urban areas because of suburbanization, d industrialization and counter urbanization. To attract people in businesses back to the city centre commerce governments and private companies invest in new development. Once re urbanisation has started it tends to continue dash as soon as a few businesses invest and people start to return it encourages other businesses to invest. Young single people often want to live close to their work in areas with good entertainment services.

Question 21

What are the three different types of land use

Answer 21

Commercial – office building shopping centres and hotels industrial – factories and work houses. Residential – houses, flats and apartments or anything that people live in

Question 22

What sorts of things are land use influenced by

Answer 22

Accessibility, availability, cost and regulations

Question 23

How does accessibility influence land use

Answer 23

City centres are usually very accessible – they are the location of the main train and bus stations and the center of the road network. Shops and offices locate in city centers because they need to be accessible to lots of people. Some businesses now locate on the edges of cities – these are near major motorway junctions and out of town airports so avoid traffic congestion in the city centre

Question 24

How do regulations influence land use

Answer 24

City planners try to control how cities developed by deciding what types of buildings can be built in different parts of the city. There are often strict planning regulation in city centers – polluting Industries may be banned. Some cities have strict limits on development in the Rural urban fringe this stops the city sprawling into the countryside.

Question 25

How does availability affect land use

Answer 25

In the city centre almost all land is in use and demand is high. Businesses may extend upwards as ground space is limited dash the tallest buildings are often in the centre. Around field land in city centers, such as old industrial sites, may be redeveloped a shops or offices. Some of the old terrorist housing and apartment blocks in Inner cities are redeveloped as luxury homes for young professionals for stop there is lots of space on the edges of cities where larger buildings for example shopping centres, science parks industrial estate and houses can be built if allowed

Question 26

How does cost affect land use

Answer 26

The city centre has the highest land prices – the cost of land Falls towards the edge of the city. Some businesses and shops can afford to locate offices and shops in the city centre but there are few houses. Houses tend to increase in size from the inner city to the Suburbs as the price of land decreases

Question 27

How has Mumbai grown

Answer 27

That has been growth due to natural increase and national and international migration. The population increase by more than 12 times in the last 100 years. The Suburbs have been grown and not railroads and roads out of the city as old Mumbai was two congested. Push factors from rural areas – farming development means fewer jobs for people poor services low wages. Pull factors command by dash rage of jobs educational opportunities high wages

Question 28

How has Mumbai grown

Answer 28

That has been growth due to natural increase and national and international migration. The population increase by more than 12 times in the last 100 years. The Suburbs have been grown and not railroads and roads out of the city as old Mumbai was two congested. Push factors from rural areas – farming development means fewer jobs for people poor services low wages. Pull factors command by dash rage of jobs educational opportunities high wages

Question 29

What are the opportunities in Mumbai

Answer 29

In the 20th century jobs were manufacturing especially textiles and the sports full stop by 1980 secondary sector work declined tertiary sector work increased in finance and it. More international migrants came. Also an increase in low skilled tertiary sector a services for residents for example cleaners and taxi drivers and Street vendors full defravi slum has 5,000 small-scale businesses estimated to be worth 350 million pounds a year

Question 30

What are some challenges that Mumbai faces

Answer 30

Rapid expansion – not enough services such as Healthcare education transport and waste disposal. Dumping of 800 million tons of untreated sewage in the mythy River. Traffic congestion – rise in private cars 1.8 million in Mumbai so gridlock an air pollution 90% travel by rail, 8 million people every day so the trains can’t meet the demand. Housing dash living conditions in slums for example the Harvey Water is only available for two hours a day from 5:30 a.m. there is a poor sewage system one toilet for every 500 people. Paul working conditions in the informal sector, long hours toxic fumes dark cramped conditions will stop no taxes for the government from informer work so there’s a lack of funds to improve infrastructure and services