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geography flash cards > Topic 2- Development Dynamics > Flashcards

Topic 2- Development Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

what is GDP

A

the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year

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2
Q

what does GDP measure

A

wealth

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3
Q

as a country develops does GDP get higher or lower

A

higher

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4
Q

What is GNI per capita

A

The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year including income from overseas

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5
Q

What does GNI measure

A

Wealth

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6
Q

As a country develops does GNI get higher or lower

A

Higher

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7
Q

What is birth rate

A

The number of live babies born per thousand of the population per year

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8
Q

What does birth rate measure

A

Women’s rights

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9
Q

As a country develops does birth rate get higher or lower

A

Lower

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10
Q

What is death rate

A

The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year

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11
Q

What does death rate measure

A

Health

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12
Q

As a country develops does death rate get higher or lower

A

Lower

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13
Q

What is fertility rate

A

The average number of babies born to a woman

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14
Q

What does fertility rate measure

A

Women’s rights

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15
Q

As a country develops does fertility rate get higher or lower

A

Lower

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16
Q

What is infant mortality rate

A

The number of babies Who die under the age of one years old per thousand babies born

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17
Q

What does infant mortality rate measure

A

Healthcare

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18
Q

As a country develops does infant mortality rate get higher or lower

A

Lower

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19
Q

What is maternal mortality rate

A

The number of women who died due to pregnancy related causes per 1000 live births

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20
Q

What does maternal mortality rate measure

A

Healthcare

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21
Q

As a country develops does maternal mortality rate get higher or lower

A

Lower

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22
Q

What is doctors per 1000 population

A

The number of working doctors per 1000 of the population

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23
Q

What does doctors per 1000 of population measure

A

Access to Healthcare

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24
Q

As a country develops does the number of doctors per 1000 people get higher or lower

A

Higher

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25
Q

What is the gini coefficient

A

A measure of economic inequality countries are given a score between 0(equal) and one (total inequality)

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26
Q

What does the gini coefficient measure

A

Inequality

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27
Q

Other country develops does the gini coefficient to get higher or lower

A

Lower

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28
Q

What is the gender inequality index

A

A number that is calculated using data for example women’s education, access to jobs, political rights and health during pregnancy. The higher the score the more inequality

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29
Q

What does the gender inequality index measure

A

Women’s rights

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30
Q

As a country develops does the in gender inequality index get higher or lower

A

Lower

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31
Q

What is HDI

A

A number calculated using life expectancy, average years of schooling, and GNI pool fob every country has an HDI value between 0 (least developed) and one (most developed)

32
Q

What does HDI measure

A

Life expectancy, averages of schooling, and GNI

33
Q

As a country develops does HDI get higher or lower

A

Higher

34
Q

What is the corruption perceptions index (CPI)

A

A measure of the level of corruption that is believed to exist in the public sector on a scale of one to 100. The lower the score, the more corruption

35
Q

What does the corruption perceptions index (CPI) measure

A

Corruption

36
Q

As a country develops does the corruption perceptions index (CPI) get higher or lower

A

Higher

37
Q

What are four main factors that affect how developed a country is

A

Climate, education, health, and colonialism

38
Q

How does climate affect the development of a country

A

1) if a country has a poor climate (really hot or really cold or really dry) not much will grow. This reduces the amount of food produced, which can lead to malnutrition. People who are now nourished have a low quality of life
2) people also have fewer crops to sell, so less money to spend on goods and services. This also reduces their quality of life

39
Q

How does education affect how developed a country is

A

1) , educating people produces a more skilled workforce, meaning that the country can produce more goods and services (e. G. ICT) this can bring money into the country through trade or investment.
2) educated people also earn more, so they pay more taxes. This provides money that the country can spend on development

40
Q

How does health affect the development of a country

A

1) in some poorer countries, lack of clean water and poor Healthcare mean that many people suffer from diseases such as malaria and
2) people who are ill are less able to work and so may contribute less to the economy. They may also need expensive medicine or health
3) lower economic contribution and higher spending on HealthCare means there’s less money available to spend on development

41
Q

How does colonialism affect development

A

Countries that were colonised (ruled by another foreign country) are often at a lower level of development when they gain independence then they would be if they were not colonized
2) European countries colonized much of Africa in the 19th century. They control the economies of their colonies, removed raw materials and slaves, and sold back expensive manufactured goods. This was bad for African development as it made parts of Africa dependent on Europe, and led to famine and malnutrition

42
Q

how does topography affect development

A

1) if the land in a country is steep then it won’t produce a lot of food. This has the same effect as a poor climate
2) steep land can also make it difficult to build infrastructure. This can limit trade and make it hard to provide basic services

43
Q

how does Neo-colonialism affect global inequalites

A

1) after colonies gained their independance richer countries continued to control them indirectly
2) international organisations sometimes offer conditional loans which means poorer countries sometimes have to develop in a way their donors want them to

44
Q

what are 4 consequences of global inequalities

A

education
health
politics
environment

45
Q

what are some problems with education as a result of uneven development

A

1) poorer countries can’t afford to invest as much in education as richer countries
2) poorer people may not be able to afford school fees or children may have to work to support their families instead of attending school
3) lack of education means people can’t get better paid skilled jobs in the future so the cycle of poverty continues

46
Q

what are some problems with heath as a result of uneeven development

A

1) people in developing countries are at higher risk for many diseases than people in developed countries leading to lower life expectancies
2) infant mortality is also much higher in developing countries
3) poorer people find it harder to get quality health care and healthy food

47
Q

what are some problems with politics as a result of uneven development

A

1) inequalities can increase political instability crime and discontent in poorer countries
2) this means civil wars are more likely in developing countries conflict can increase inequlity - poverty increases as money is spent on fighting rather than development
3) developing countries are often dependent on richer countries. this means they have less infleuence over regional and global decisions

48
Q

what are some problems with the environment as a result of uneven development

A

1) economic development leads to more consumption of food,water and energy and as people get wealthier this puts pressure of scarce resources and can threaten ecosystems
2) industrialisation leads to increased air water and land polloution. the reslase of greenhou gasses enhances the greenhouse effect contributing to climate change. waste is dumped in landfill sites and untreated sewage chemical waster and runoff from farmland ends up in rivers and lakes

49
Q

what are the 5 stages in rostows modernisation theory

A
  1. traditional society - substance based farming fishing and forestry, little trade
  2. preconditions for take off- manufacturing starts to develop.infrastructure is built
  3. take off - rapid extensive growth large scale industrialisation increasing wealth
    • drive to maturity - economy grows so people get wealthier standards of living rise widespread use of technology
  5. mass consumption - lots of trade, goods are mass produced.
50
Q

what does franks dependency theory say

A

poor countries rely on rich countries

51
Q

what percentage of India’s diversity includes the worlds bird and plant species

A

6%

52
Q

what are some of india’s worst environmental problems

A

land air and water polloution
3rd greatest emiter of greenhouse gasses

53
Q

give 3 political facts about india

A

the worlds largest democracy
a growing global influence
one of the founding members of the UN and the G20 industrial nations.

54
Q

give 3 social facts about india

A

the worlds 4th and 5th largest cities - mumbai and kolkata
some of the worlds worst urban slums
20 million people living in over 100 countries

55
Q

state 3 of india’s economic trends

A

between 1991 and 2014 india’s GDP went from $1150 to $5800

from 2014 it has been the world’s fastest growing eonomy

large reduction in GDP from agriculture (37% in 1980 to 15% in 2011)

56
Q

what is globalisation

A

the process of all the worlds systems and cultures becoming more intergrated - it’s the whole world coming together as a single community

57
Q

why does globalisation happen

A

because of the movement of money and people between countries as well as businesses locating their operations and selling their prodcuts in more countries.

58
Q

give 4 reasons why globalisation is increasing

A
  1. inprovements in ICT include e-mail the internet,mobile phones and phone lines that can carry more info and communicate faster
  2. improvements in transport. making it quicker and easier for people all over the world to communicate with each other face to face
  3. TNC’s link together other countries through the production and sale of goods
  4. governments increase globalisation by promoting free trade
59
Q

what is a top down development strategy

A

a government or large organisation make decisions about how to increase development and direct the project

60
Q

what are top down development strategies used for

A

used for large projects like dams. aiming to solve large scale problems and improve the lives of lots of people

61
Q

how are top down development strategies funded

A

the projects are usually very expensive.
some are funded by government or TNC’s who will profit from development
others may be funded from loans from places like the world bank

62
Q

what is the technology like for a top down development strategy

A

the projects are high tech and energy intensive. construction usually involves machinery and technology. often operated by skilled workers from developed countries.

63
Q

what is a bottom up development strategy

A

local people and communities decide on ways to improve things for their own countries. NGO’s and usually involved

64
Q

what are bottom up development strategies used for

A

usually a small scale strategy aiming to improve the quality of life for the poorest and most vulnerable people in the country.

65
Q

how are bottom up development strategies funded

A

the projects are usually much cheaper. most money comes from charities that often rely on donations from people in richer countries.

66
Q

what is the technology like for a bottom up development strategy

A

projects involve intermediate technology. local materials are used and local people are employed.

67
Q

how has india’s ecomony changed

A

india is getting rapidly wealthier
there are large inequalities - some people are very wealthy but the majority are very poor.
77% of the workforce contribute to less than half of the countries GDP

68
Q

how has globalisation increased development in india

A

more than 50% of the population now own a mobile phone. this has enabled lots of people to start their own small businesses
india has really good transport links making it easier to transport goods so trade can increase and TNCs are more likely to invest
some large TNCs outsource some manufacturing and IT to india. these bring jobs and greater income from taxes

69
Q

how have government policies helped to increase development in india

A

in 1991 india received $2.2 billion in american aid in exchange for the government changing it’s economic policies
the indian government has made primary education free and compulsory
the rail network is being upgraded and new roads and airports are being built.
india is one of the top locations in the world for FDI companies to buy land buildings or parts of companies

70
Q

how is development causing the population to change in india

A

birth rates are high. death rates and infact mortality have fallen die to better heath care meaning :
population is rapidly increasing
majority of the population are young - 28%
are under 14
life expectancy has increased from 58-68
The fertility rate is starting to fall - decrease due to better health. so population rates are slowing down
urban areas are growing because of a natural increase

71
Q

What are positive impacts of economic development in India

A

All age groups have better health and elderly people are living longer, there is a lower infant mortality rate and there is a lower maternal mortality rate. Some age groups have better education: higher education has given young graduates access to better paid jobs and many adults have better literacy. There can be better gender equality: women have better access to education – literacy rates that Indian woman have increased from 34% in 1991 to 59% in 2011 women also have better access to contraception and family planning advice

72
Q

What are negative impacts of economic development in India

A

Rapid industrialisation means some people may have to do dangerous jobs. Working conditions may also be poor due to a lack of regulations put in place by Indian authorities. As young people move to urban areas to find work, there are fewer workers in rural villages. This means: children in rural areas may get a poor education due to a lack of skilled teachers – nearly 50% of teachers have only completed Secondary Education. Children may have to work as agricultural laborers to support their families. There is still a lot of gender inequality: it is unsafe for women in many urban areas. If men leave to find work in cities, women may be left to care for and provide the entire household dash balancing a job with housework.

73
Q

What are what are some impacts economic development has on the environment in India

A

Industrialisation leads to higher energy consumption. Increased demand for fossil fuels in industry, homes and vehicles means more greenhouse gases are released, contributing to climate change. India releases almost 7% of all global greenhouse gas emissions. More factories and cars mean more air pollution. The pollution is so bad in some cities, gases such as sulphur and dioxide and smoke particles damage people’s health and cause breathing problems and lung diseases. More than 0.5 million people in India die from diseases related to air pollution each year. Urban sprawl leads to land and water pollution – lack of infrastructure means that about 70% of India’s sewage flows untreated into Rivers. Waste may not be correctly sorted and disposed of.

74
Q

How is India’s global influence increasing

A

India is playing a larger role in regional and global politics as it develops. In recent years the Indian government has improved relations with its immediate neighbours. India is a member of several international organizations – India was one of the founding members of the United Nations, which works towards sustainable development it is also a part of the World Trade Organization and the member of G20 a group of 20 of the world’s largest economies. Economic growth has also changed India’s relationship with the USA and the EU

75
Q

What is India’s relationship like with the USA

A

India used to have a poor relationship with the USA but this has been improving. The USA expects the economic development of India to increase trade, Employment and an economic growth in both countries. The USA also sees India as a huge market for renewable and nuclear energy because of the number of increasingly wealthy people and the growth of the industry.

76
Q

What is India’s relationship like with the USA

A

India used to have a poor relationship with the USA but this has been improving. The USA expects the economic development of India to increase trade, Employment and an economic growth in both countries. The USA also sees India as a huge market for renewable and nuclear energy because of the number of increasingly wealthy people and the growth of the industry.

77
Q

What is India’s relationship like with the EU

A

India has had a good relationship with the EU and they became strategic Partners in 2004, agreeing to cooperate on certain issues. India and the EU engaged in negotiations for a free trade agreement in 2022. The EU is one of India’s biggest markets and trading partners. The EU supports health and education programs in India to promote continued development

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