Urbanisation Flashcards
(42 cards)
Define urbanisation:
The growth in the proportion of a country living in urban areas.
Define urban sprawl:
When the countryside surrounding an urban area starts becoming engulfed by its expansion.
Define suburbanisation:
The decentralisation of people living in the inner city to the surrounding areas of the city and rural urban fringe.
Define counter-urbanisation:
When people move from large urban areas to smaller urban areas or to rural locations.
Define urban resurgence:
The movement of people back into the city centre when an urban area in decline becomes redeveloped and regenerated.
What 4 pull factors cause rural to urban migration occur?
- Employment opportunities (especially in service and low-skilled labour industries)
- Better access to facilities
- More reliable resources (e.g. food, water, energy)
- Better infrastructure and transport (better quality of life)
How does natural population growth lead to urbanisation?
- High birth rates cause a youthful population
- Yong people are more likely to live in urban areas due to more employment opportunities
- Causes an increase in urban population
- Causes an increase in demand for urban settlements = urbanisation
Give 3 issues with urban sprawl:
- Increases water/air pollution
- Loss of green spaces
- Increased traffic = congestion
What 2 factors cause suburbanisation?
- Demand for bigger houses
- Quieter and safer area.
What are the 2 effects of suburbanisation?
- Transport to surrounding areas (e.g. commuting) causes traffic congestion
- Some suburban areas become so developed they become urban areas
What are the 2 causes counter-urbanisation?
- People move for better quality of life (e.g. cleaner air, no traffic congestion)
- In HICs/NEEs, some rural locations have high levels of development (e.g. good infrastructure, transport)
Define deindustrialisation:
When industry declines in an area.
How an deindustrialisation cause urban areas to experience urban resurgence?
- Deindustrialisation causes industrial buildings to become derelict
- Developers may implement plans to regenerate the area through redevelopment
- Regeneration causes economic growth and attracts new people to the area = urban resurgence
Define urban policy:
A measure taken by local governments to develop urban areas through political or legal frameworks.
What are the 5 main features of a world city?
- Stong global connection/headquarters
- Economic hub
- Densely populated
- Base for TNCs
- Large scale infrastructure
Define a megacity:
A city with more than 10 million people inhabiting it
Give 3 examples of megacities:
London
LA
Tokyo
Why might urban population data not be an accurate measurement:
- Different sources define ‘urban area’ differently
- Undocumented people are not included in census/populated data so are under-represented
Give three ways how megacities benefit people:
- Provide core facilities (e.g. education, healthcare)
- Wide range of social opportunities
- Many job opportunities
Give two ways how megacities benefit the economy:
- Produce greater GDP than other cities
- Economic/financial hubs = cause technological innovation
Give one way how megacities benefit the environment:
- Encourages the use of public transport = reduces emissions
Give two ways how megacities disadvantage people:
- More competition for jobs
- Social segregation can occur (especially from different cultures or economic backgrounds)
Give one way how megacities disadvantage the economy:
- Strains on facilities if under-developed
Give three ways how megacities disadvantage the environment:
- Increased air water pollution
- Increased traffic congestion
- Increasing public transport will also increase emissions/traffic congestion
