Urbanisation Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
What is urbanisation?
A
A process where an increasing proportion of the population lives in towns and cities and there is less living in rural areas
2
Q
Where does urbanisation occur?
A
A worldwide process - began at different times in different places and still occurs today
3
Q
What are the 2 main causes of urbanisation?
A
Rural to urban migration and natural increase
4
Q
When did urbanisation in MEDC’s begin?
A
In the 18th and 19th century
5
Q
How did mechanisation of farming technology lead to urbanisation?
A
New machinery = less work force needed = unemployment amongst farm workers= more jobs in cities
6
Q
How and when did urbanisation occur in LEDC’s?
A
A lot later - only since the 1950’s and much faster.
7
Q
Why does urbanisation occur in LEDC’s?
A
Mechanism in farming, chance of education, piped water, electricity, modern economic activities and much more entertainment in the city.
8
Q
What causes more rapid urbanisation in LEDC’s?
A
Natural increase is more rapid and many have high fertility rates resulting in more rapid urbanisation
9
Q
What is the rural urban fringe?
A
The border between the city and rural area
10
Q
What does CBD stand for ?
A
Central business district
11
Q
Where is the CBD located?
A
In the centre of an urban area
12
Q
What are some features of a CBD?
A
Largest offices and shops, skyscrapers, high rise building which gives more space and helps to offset the high cost of land, widest variety of goods on sale, high land values rents and rates due to competition of lack of space, accessible location, few people live there
13
Q
What is the inner City located?
A
Next to the CBD, this area grew rapidly at the beginning of the industrial revolution
14
Q
What are some features of the inner city?
A
An area of old housing and industry suffering from decay, old high density terraced housing in a grid-iron pattern, old and sometimes abandoned factories, areas of derelict land, high rise flats, pockets of new developments
15
Q
Where are the suburbs ?
A
Growth began with the introduction of public transport and increased car ownership, often cover the largest area, predominantly residential
16
Q
What are some features of the suburbs?
A
Semi detached houses, small shopping parades, more modern housing estates, houses usually have gardens and garages often with areas of open space between them as land is cheaper there, expensive housing is often in the outer suburbs
17
Q
Where is the rural urban fringe located?
A
On the edge of a city
18
Q
What are some features of the rural urban fringe?
A
Large parks and woodland, more recently development of industrial estates and business parks, out of town shopping centres, hotels and office developments
19
Q
Where is the CBD in Newcastle?
A
Newcastle city centre
20
Q
Where is the inner city in Newcastle?
A
Jesmond
21
Q
Where are the inner suburbs In Newcastle?
A
Gosforth
22
Q
Where are the outer suburbs of Newcastle?
A
Ponteland
23
Q
Where is the rural urban fringe in Newcastle?
A
Silverlink
24
Q
Why are tall buildings built in the CBD ?
A
Because land prices are very expensive here so it’s much cheaper to build upwards
25
Why do many businesses choose to set up in the CBD ?
It's generally more accessible
26
Why are shops often located in the CBD?
They are more easily accessible = more shoppers = more money
27
What is urban decay?
When a town or city falls into a state of disrepair resulting in unemployment and abandoned shops etc
28
How many of the population in MEDC's are urban?
80% but this is not likely to increase
29
Why is the amount of people living in urban areas not likely to increase in MEDC's?
Better transport so people travel further to work, city centres are expensive, people are now able to work from home, people want peace and quiet of the countryside
30
Why is the number of people who live in LEDC cities expected to grow?
Pulls of the city- higher standards of living, jobs, medicine, medical care, schools. Natural increase as young people are migrating then reproducing. not enough jobs in rural areas.
31
What pushes people from rural areas in MEDC's?
Shortage of services
32
What pushes people from rural areas in LEDC's?
Shortage of services like education, not enough food, drought, limited access to water and power, there are large families so not enough land for each heir, unemployment as farm machinery replaces workers
33
What pulls people in MEDC's to the city?
Better access to healthcare, shops and entertainment, higher salaries, more jobs, urban areas which were run down have been redeveloped, industry is attracted to cities because there is a larger workforce.
34
What pulls people in LEDC's to the city?
Better access to healthcare, shops and entertainment, higher salaries, more jobs, better housing, more reliable food source, industry is attracted to cities because of a larger work force
35
What is the similarity between the urban model for MEDC's and LEDC's?
Both have a CBD with high rise buildings in the centre
36
What are the differences between the LEDC and MEDC urban models?
MEDC has a logical and simple model however the LEDC model doesn't have a set pattern as it is sort of randomised due to irregular growth. All other sections are different except CBD, squatter settlements dominate land use in the LEDC model however in MEDC models medium to high quality housing dominates
37
What are the reasons for the location of squatter settlements?
Land being cheaper is not the case as they just build houses wherever they please, poor qualify landscape where others don't want to live, lack of enforcement of building regulations, often close to transport, the first place migrants arrive
38
What are some issues in MEDC cities?
Old housing, crime rates are high, graffiti can make the area uncared for, where there are many races violence can be a problem, pollution, congestion.
39
Why is demand for housing increasing?
Population increase, ageing population, migration, divorce, more people living alone, derelict houses
40
What are greenfield sites?
Those which have not been built on before. Usually in the countryside or on the edge of a built up area.
41
What is a brownfield site?
Have been built on before, the land has to be cleared before it can be built on again, often in the inner city.
42
How are brownfield sites more sustainable?
Building on land which has already been built on / destroyed
43
What are some advantages of Greenfield sites?
Cheaper to develop as there are fewer buildings to clear and industrial debris to remove, people prefer peace and quiet of the countryside away from the pollution, noise, congestion and crime. Land is cheaper on the outskirts.
44
What are some disadvantages of building on greenfield sites?
Need to build new roads, sewage, gas, water pipes which are all expensive. Harder to obtain planning permission on a greenfield site. People who live in the countryside don't want developments and people changing the peace and quiet where they live
45
Why are some advantages of building on a brownfield site?
Government policy favours brownfield site developments for housing, people live closer to work = reduce traffic congestion, close to facilities and jobs in business parks and shopping centres, regeneration of the city, water gas and electricity and roads already provided.
46
What are some disadvantages of building on brownfield sites?
High density housing due to the cost of land, have to clear land before building on it which can be costly
47
How is the need for sustainable housing met in the CBD?
Turning empty spaces above shops into homes, building student accommodation is disused properties which were formally large outdated houses
48
How is the demand for housing being met in the inner city?
Updating and renovating terraced housing, demolishing slum properties and replacing them with modern townhouses, adapting former industrial buildings and warehouses into modern apartments, subdividing up large properties which have become derelict to use up empty spaces.
49
How is the demand for houses met in the suburbs?
Building more housing estates, leading to urban sprawl on the green belt. Building a variety of different properties to provide for different family sizes.
50
What are some problems in an inner city?
Housing lacked basic facilities, was old and needed replacing. Factories were closed but jobs not replaced, nobody wanted to live in high rise flats which were the governments new solution, run down, lots of crime, no parking, not enough space, no gardens or parks, litter, industrial work, poor air quality, graffiti, overcrowded, redeveloped new housing looks out of place.
51
What were the issues with the councils policy of high rise flats in the inner city?
Loss of community, children couldn't play outside, people (especially the old) were lonely.
52
Where and when was the urban development cooperation?
South east London, from 1982 to 1998
53
What was done during the urban development cooperation?
Land and buildings brought into effective use, an attractive environment created, people encouraged to live and work in the area.
54
Who was involved in the urban development cooperation?
London dock lands cooperation
55
Where did funding come from for the urban development cooperation?
Mainly private sector - businesses and some donations from the government
56
What was done to improve the area by the urban development cooperation?
1.86 billion in sector investment, 7.7 billion in private sector investment, 144km of new roads, 762 Ha of derelict land replaced, 24046 new homes built, 2700 business men trading, 5 new health centres and redevelopment of 6 more, 11 new primary schools, 2 new secondary schools, 3 new colleges, 9 new training centres, 8500 new jobs
57
Where and where did the city challenge occur?
Hulme, Manchester in the 1990's
58
What was done during the city challenge?
Crescents built lmao 1960's and demolished in 1990's, homes designed to conserve water and be energy efficient, to house single parents, families and 1st time buyers
59
Who was involved in the city challenge?
Local community, local authorities, private companies
60
Where did the funding come from for the city challenge?
Mainly the government, £37.5 million
61
What was done to improve the area during the city challenge?
Improve housing, wanted to enhance environment and community, facilities and shopping. Local schools and a new park : hulme park. A dance and music centre built
62
When and where was the sustainable communities program ?
New Islington, Manchester . 2003 .
63
What was done during the sustainable community program?
New housing and apartments, 34 urban barns, workshops built, refurbishment of hospital, new office space.
64
Who was involved in the sustainable communities programme?
The people of new Islington and the government
65
Where did funding come from for the sustainable communities programme?
Mainly the government, also businesses
66
What was done to improve the area during the sustainable communities programme?
Private gardens added, primary schools and play areas added, Health centre, 300 new trees planted, canal areas regenerated - moorings for 50 boats, metro link stop
67
What is the London docklands case study?
A case study of a government strategy to improve the inner city
68
What was the London docklands like before regeneration?
During the 19th century and up to the early 1950s it was we the busiest port in the world but after the war it was derelict with waste materials on the land, empty factories
69
What caused the London docklands to decline?
Bigger ships couldn't get into the London docks, docks were badly damaged after ww2, shipyard closed = unemployment
70
What did the environmental regeneration involve in the London docklands ?
160,000 new Terese planted, 130,000 hectares of open space created, 728 hectares of land reclaimed
71
How did the London docklands develop the area socially?
New houses built were very luxurious and too expensive for locals to afford, 19500 homes built however not enough housing for normal locals built. Almost £100 million spent on health, education, training and community programmes. New parks and new shopping centres created.
72
Did everyone think the London docklands regeneration programme was a success ?
No as local people thought it was unsuccessful as new houses were too expensive for locals and they weren't qualified for the new jobs so they got pushed out of the area. It got rid of the area.
73
How did the London docklands cooperation develop the area economically?
Dock workers were not qualified enough for the new jobs in the area so most jobs went to people living outside of the area, financial and hi-tech firms due to low rent, 45000 new jobs created, city airport built, docklands light railway built.
74
Why has the number of cars increased?
Greater wealth, a reduction in public transport, more goods being moved by lorry, more people committing to work.
75
What problems are caused by traffic?
Traffic jams, crashes and accidents, delays, rising petroleum prices, road works, pollution- co2 emissions, vibrations fro cars can cause buildings nearby to be damaged, pollution can discolour buildings, pollution can cause health problems, traffic causes noise pollution, land loss to roads
76
What are some solutions to the traffic problem?
Underground train system, cycle to work scenes, congestion charge, better transport, bus lanes, speed cameras, park and ride system, eco friendly cars, tram, increase car tax and price of petrol, increasing safety, modernising and reducing prices of transport
77
What are some problems within a CBD?
Car access, traffic congestion, parking + high cost, dangerous, crime, graffiti, overcrowded, air and noise pollution, lack of open space, derelict buildings, inefficient public transport, transport prices are high, buildings lack space and have high costs, litter, competition for land, ground buildings don't often have space to expand, smaller retailers forced away due to high costs, competition from out of town shopping centres.
78
Why have CBD's declined?
Increased car use, cheapness of land outside of the CBD has lead to out of city shopping centres, lack of investment in the CBD, internet shopping.
79
What are some solutions to the problems in a CBD?
Pedestrian only streets-streets are safer. indoor shopping centres- people encourages to shop in all weather. flats above shops- encourage young people to live there. security cameras-people feel safer, reduces crime.new office developments- encourages new businesses, more jobs. improved public transport- easier to access so more people will go. longer opening hours and free parking at nights- encourages more people to visit the CBD after work
80
What is multicultural?
When there are several cultures or ethnic groups within a society
81
What is segregation?
Significant numbers of migrants choose to live close to one another, in areas of similar people away from others.
82
What are problems of cultural groups?
People don't always speak english when they move here- language barrier, people aren't friendly, name calling, racism, misunderstanding, the way people dress shocks locals.
83
What are some solutions to segregation problems ?
Be less prejudice, education for parents as well as children, more laws on racism, campaigns for racism to be stopped, increased racial awareness, community events.
84
What are some problems in an LEDC?
Housing, disparity, traffic congestion, air pollution from traffic, poor hygiene, lack of open space.
85
What is disparity?
Difference between rich and poor
86
How are we trying to get ethnic groups to work together in British cities?
Ethnic youth support team workshop on challenging racism in Cardiff, anti racism march in Glasgow with over 1500 people, free chartered flights for Syrian refugees to Glasgow, increased the size of residential areas rather than building separate housing to encourage different groups to mix, Newcastle mela- festival of song and dance encourage people to mix.
87
What are some examples of how ethnic groups are any mixing together ?
Cardiff red banks for refugees do they can get food from food banks, middlesborough - refugees doors were painted red.
88
What is a squatter settlement ?
Huge areas where thousands of people live in bad quality, unhygienic housing.
89
What are the conditions like in a squatter settlement?
Very unhygienic, crowded, bad quality houses, made of tin. Many people live in each house, huge families.
90
What do authorities want to do about slums?
Get rid of them
91
Where are squatter settlements built?
On any spare land e.g a swamp or rubbish dump, the people do not own the land.
92
Why have squatter settlements developed?
Massive rural-urban migration, high birth rate.
93
What are houses built from in squatter settlements?
Scrap metal, recycled material, cardboard, wood.
94
What is a typical house like in a squatter settlement?
Small, many people live in few rooms, dirty, no toilets or access to clean water, 1/2 stories.
95
What are the environmental problems within a squatter settlement?
Water is polluted with sewage and rubbish, no sanitation or rubbish collections.
96
What are some health problems within a squatter settlement ?
Water bone diseases such as cholera or diohreah, lack of access to healthcare and it's often expensive, children are malnourished due to poor quality food.
97
What is the main economic problem within a squatter settlement?
Lack of money as many don't have a job or earn money by selling goods in the streets.
98
What were the conditions in the favelas in rochina, São Paulo, Brazil, like before the improvements?
High crime rate, many had limited access to basic public services, many diseases, gangs and drugs, 1-2 bedroom houses and few jobs.
99
What are some self help schemes which occurred in the favelas in Rochina, São Paulo, Brazil?
Painting homes to improve their appearance, some families built second floors to their homes, water tanks places on the roofs of houses to collect rain water which is then connected to the houses water supply, tiling roofs, rebuilding houses with breeze blocks.
100
What are some local authority improvements which occurred in the favelas in Rochina, São Paulo, Brazil?
Road access throughout so rubbish can be collected and buses can take people to places of work, police military sent in to patrol the area and stop drug dealing and crime, beginning to build schools, health centres and community centres, small scale industry is developing which boosts the economy, paving steeper streets and adding lighting to prevent accidents, added electricity mains sewage and pumped water.
101
What is industrialisation?
A process in which an increasing proportion of the population are employed in the manufacturing sector of the economy
102
What is landfill?
A method of disposing of waste- digging a large hole in the ground then lining this hole before filling it with rubbish.
103
What are transnational corporations? (TNCs)
Companies which spread their operations around the world in an attempt to reduce costs- a global company e.g McDonald's, apple, Burger King etc
104
What is the problem with waste in LEDCs?
It is not disposed of correctly as instead waste is dumped on the land and in water polluting both. People wash themselves and their clothes + drink from this polluted water causing diseases.
105
How can waste be a positive thing in LEDCs?
Provides a means of living for many as children and adults scavenge through it and extract metals from it and resell them. Many also break down PCs and monitors in order to extract valuable materials such as gold or platinum however this is very dangerous due to chemicals inside like lead or cadmium.
106
What causes air pollution in Cairo, Egypt?
Factories have no regulations , increased car use, burning rubbish.
107
What are effects of air pollution in Cairo, Egypt?
Contributes to global warming, health problems, visual pollution.
108
How is the amount of air pollution in Cairo, Egypt being managed?
Filters on chimneys, monitoring + enforcing regulations for factories.
109
How is housing a problem in Cairo, Egypt?
High population growth, no shanty towns as such.
110
What are effects of the housing problem in Cairo, Egypt?
These informal houses cover 80% of the land, building homes on farming land leads to loss of food, urban sprawl, every Cairo citizen has less than an average of 2 square meters.
111
How is the problem of housing in Cairo, Egypt being managed?
Improving conditions in slums, long term plan is for 40 new settlements to be built - capable of housing about 15 million people, located in the desert away from fertile land which could be used for farming, shops, open spaces, gardens, mosques- this will persuade people to move out of Cairo.
112
Why is water pollution a problem in Cairo, Egypt?
Old sewage system doesn't extend to all areas, high population growth and sewers can't cope.
113
What are the effects of water pollution in Cairo, Egypt?
Sewage on the streets, disease, contaminated drinking water.
114
What are the attempts to manage the water pollution problem in Cairo, Egypt?
Sewers have been extended to all areas, traditional collectors now have a licence to collect in poor areas and recycle.
115
Why is traffic a problem in Cairo, Egypt?
Old cars which create more pollution, as people's wealth grows the amount of cars grows.
116
What are effects of the traffic problem in Cairo, Egypt?
Creates health issues, traffic was terrible so something had to be done.
117
How was the traffic problem in Cairo, Egypt attempted to be managed?
a huge new ring road built around the city, Cairo metro has been built now used by over 2 million commuters per day, well organised services which are quick and welcoming.
118
Why is a sustainable city ?
An urban area where residents have a way of life which will last a long time.
119
What are some features of a sustainable city?
Environment is not damaged, resources are allocated fairly, jobs are secure, strong sense of community, locals involved in decision making, appropriate housing for all, no traffic or pollution problems.
120
What is sustainability?
Development which preserves further resources, standards of living and the needs of future generations.
121
How do we make the uk more sustainable?
Ensuring that buildings of historic significance are conserved - buildings continue to look as they did even if their function changes. Natural environment conserved e.g preventing urban sprawl .
122
What can make cities more sustainable?
Schemes to reduce waste and safely dispose of it, conservation of natural environment and historic buildings, building on brownfield sites, building carbon neutral homes, creating an efficient public transport system.
123
What can be done To make homes carbon neutral?
Solar panels, wind turbines, insulation to reduce loss of heating, double glazed windows.
124
Where is BEDZED?
Wellington, London
125
When was bedZED built?
2002
126
What is in bedZED?
A sustainable community of 100 houses
127
What makes bedZED sustainable?
Triple glazing + south facing windows + thicker walls = houses warmer= less heating = less fossil fuels burned. Houses made of recycled materials - doesn't waste resources and less contribution to landfill. Solar panels - generates electricity so less resources are used. Car pools so less people have cars and just borrow them when they need them. Cycle spaces provided. 100 jobs on site so people don't need to commute.
