Urbanisation Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
What makes a city a global city?
A
Migration and culture Governance and decision-making Finance and trade Transport hubs Ideas and information
2
Q
How are global cities categorised?
A
How well connected they are to the rest of the world and the global economy.
3
Q
What makes London a global city?
A
Attractions
Monarchy attracts tourists.
22% of London’s residents do not speak English and are migrants.
Media eg BBC…
4
Q
What makes Rio De Janeiro a global city?
A
Gets 2 million tourists each other.
Hosted the Olympics in 2016.
Film festivals attracting investment from all over the world.
Galeao Airport receives over 10 million passengers from around the world each year.
5
Q
What factors push people away from the rural areas in Brazil?
A
Little education or training.
Lack of help from the government.
Soils are poor and thin which makes farming difficult.
Area is unattractive.
Weather is extremely hot.
Lack of good schools for education and lack of hospitals.
Lack of transport connections and roads are often poor quality.
6
Q
What are the pull factors, making people want to move to Rio De Janeiro?
A
Better quality hospitals and health care facilities.
Better quality schools.
Wages are higher.
More reliable and regular work.
Better access to clean water and electricity.
7
Q
What are the advantages and disadvantages of losing people in Paraiba (NE Brazil)?
A
Advantages:
Workers can send money home to the people left behind.
Workers can come back home with the new skills they have learnt.
Disadvantages:
Families are split up if it is just the male who leaves.
Many men don’t return home leaving drought widows - women who have to look after children alone.
The elderly, the young and sick are left behind to look after themselves.
8
Q
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Rio de Janeiro gaining people?
A
Advantages:
Migrants are a source of cheap labour and work long hours for little pay.
Disadvantages:
Strain on local services eg not enough hospital beds.
Not enough jobs for everyone.
No enough houses so favelas are made like in Rochina.
People who arrive are unskilled with little education.
Increase in crime and prostitution.
Many people work in the informal sector - eg shoe shining.
9
Q
What challenges does Rio De Janeiro face?
A
Lack of housing and overcrowding - the population of Rio’s favelas is growing by 100000 every year. Residents only have an average of 4.1 years in education.
Waste - Rio only recycles 3% of its waste.
Traffic - the 8th worst city for traffic.
Water pollution - Only 40% of sewage gets treated in Rio.
10
Q
What solutions are there for a lack of housing and overcrowding in Rio?
A
Self help schemes - the government has provided residents with materials that they can use to build and improve their homes. Now, 75% of homes have electricity.
11
Q
What solutions are there to the waste in Rio?
A
A modern recycling plant has been built in Rio. Its aim is to capture the methane gases produced by the waste. This renewable form of energy will consume 30 tonnes of garbage a day and produces one megawatt of electricity, powering 1000 homes.
12
Q
What solutions are there to the water pollution in Rio?
A
Guanabara clean up progam established. New sewage treatment plants have been built with 12 new sewage works. This meant that now over 50% of Rio’s homes have proper sewage disposal. the government is also bringing in stricter laws and fines to punish those companies who pollute waterways.
13
Q
What are the solutions to the traffic in Rio de Janeiro?
A
Cable cars provide access across favelas so people don’t have to drive across the city. Nearly all taxis in Rio run on compressed natural gas. Public transport networks, such as buses and metro lines (Rio Light Rail Transit System) are being expanded. The Light Rail System will take 285000 passengers a day and will be a sustainable alternative to cars. The city now has 450 km of cycle lanes.
14
Q
What type of country is Tokyo?
A
High Income Country.
15
Q
What makes Tokyo a global city?
A
Fashion Food Business Finance Sport Population Transport...
16
Q
What is Japans population distribution pattern?
A
Not evenly spread.
due to the mountainous land, only the flat land is near the coast. This is where most people live. For this reason, the population density of Tokyo is very high.
Tokyo also has an ageing population as a result of a low birth and death rate.
17
Q
What challenges does Tokyo face?
A
Ageing population - population is due to half in the next 90 years, with nearly half of its residents being over retirement age. This will put strain on hospitals and there will be fewer people of working age - causing Tokyo’s competitiveness to dive.
Lack of housing and high rent - less people are marrying and more people are living on their own. It is around 3145 yen per square metre to rent a property, there aren’t enough houses to go around.
Public transport overcrowded - railway networks in Tokyo carry 40 million passengers daily, with an average overcrowding rate of 166%.
WASTE AND EARTHQUAKES.
18
Q
What solutions are there to overcrowding/shortage of space in Tokyo?
A
Coffin apartments
Clever architecture eg penguin house.
19
Q
What solutions are there to the problem of transport in Tokyo?
A
Increased the number of lanes and widened roads. Built roads underground and on top of each other. Upgraded traffic lights, redirecting traffic lights with new signs and routes. Promoting the use of public transport. Introduction of buses run on hydrogen fuel cells. Reduced the number of illegally parked cars that have caused blockages on roads.
20
Q
What solutions are there to the problem of waste in Tokyo?
A
Incineration plants that will also produce electricity. Promotion of the three R’s.
21
Q
How are Tokyo’s earthquake proof buildings developed?
A
Computer controlled moveable roof weights to counter the shock waves.
Cross - bracing to give added strength and prevent twisting.
Automatic window shutters to prevent falling glass.
Sheer core of reinforced concrete and tensioned cables around lift shaft.
Automatic sprinkler system and gas shut-off to prevent fires.
Strengthened steel and reinforced concrete road supports.
Foundations set deep into the ground.
Rubber shock absorbers.
Base isolator allows sideways movement.
22
Q
What solutions are there to Tokyo’s ageing population?
A
Use of robots to plug gaps in its ageing work force. Introduction of a long term care insurance which people pay for from the age of 40 in addition to their pension.
23
Q
What is counter-urbanisation?
A
Moving from an urban area to a rural area.
24
Q
What are the push factors for urban areas?
A
Traffic Crime rates Lack of space Air pollution High house prices Overcrowded
25
What are pull factors for rural areas?
```
Open space
Lower house prices
Good air quality
Peace and quiet
Strong sense of community
Less traffic
```
26
What impacts does counter-urbanisation have on urban areas?
Less demand for housing
Lower house prices
More space
Less traffic
Lots of derelict buildings left unused.
Shops closing down.
27
What impact does counter-urbanisation have on rural areas?
Increase in house prices...
Locals being priced out of area.
greenfield sites being used.
Potentially more people using public services, making money.
More taxes being paid so local services can be improved.
28
Where is Bishops castle?
A town in South Shropshire, England. It is east of the border between Wales and England. It is 100km west of Birmingham and 40km SW of Shrewsbury.
29
What is a mega city?
Urban areas (cities) that have a population greater than 10 million people.
30
What is a global city?
They have connection with other places around the world.
31
Why is the growth of cities in developed countries slowed down?
The house prices are higher which makes it difficult to afford.
Limitations on space eg for housing
They have already reached maximum developed.
Rural areas have become nicer to live in because they provide more space.
Due to new technology you no longer have to live in the city to work.
There is a decline in heavy industry eg steel.
32
Describe the location of Rio.
```
The South of the Equator.
One degree North of the Tropic of Capricorn.
South-East of Brazil.
Borders the Atlantic Ocean.
East of Sao Paulo and South of Belo.
Continent of South America.
```
33
What is an economic migrant?
A person who moves in search of better employment.
34
What region of Brazil is gaining the most inter-regional migrants?
South East.
35
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Paraiba (rural NE Brazil) losing people?
ad
cleaner, less disease, more facilities for the people that stay, working people can send money back REMITTANCE
dis
lose a sense of community, less people to work, families may suffer as the people who can work have moved away.
36
Where is the CBD found in LICs?
Center of the city because all of the roads lead here, easily accessible.
37
Where is the high quality, modern housing found in LICs?
Around and on the edges of the CBD because it gives people easy access to the town.
38
Where is the industry found in LICs?
Leading from the CBD to the edges of shanty towns in a wedge shape. This is because it is near main roads so they can transport good easily.
39
Where is middle class housing found in LICs?
```
In between the high and the low class residential. This is because they cant afford to be really close to the CBD but they can live in apartments instead of Shanty Towns.
'In between housing'
```
40
Where are the low quality houses (favelas) found in LICs?
Furthest away from the city centre because land is cheap and no one else wants it.
41
How many migrants come to Rio each week?
2000
42
Why might people move to Rochina?
Nearer to CBD
Cheap housing but better quality than other favelas.
Houses are made of brick.
43
How is Rochina better than other favelas?
Have better services
| Have water tanks on top of their houses
44
Why do they build upwards in Rio?
That is the only place left (on top of another house).
45
What is Rocinha like?
Very cramped with 100 to 200 thousand people living in 0.80 square miles.
Residents live in brick houses with some cleaner water but it is very basic
Houses are built upwards
Most houses have electricity and water
Residents have an average of 4.1 years of education.
46
What are the positives of living in Rocinha?
```
Sense of community
25 satellite channels
Jobs in the informal sector so you don't need an education
Schools and shops
Brick housing and clean water
Work together to build houses.
Cultural input eg The Carnival.
```
47
Explain the Self Help Schemes for improving the problems faced by favelas.
Tries to solve the issue of bad housing quality
30 million dollars was spent
80000 people were helped
Locals did the labour which made it cheaper
People build their houses using the materials provided
75 percent have electricity
However, it is only basic construction and old materials are thrown away.
48
Explain the Favela Barrio project that helped improve problems faced by favelas?
1994
Tried to solve the issues of roads, water supply, sewage, leisure facilities and housing in lower risk areas.
Funded 600 million by the InterAmerican Development . They helped people get jobs, improved education, help residents by construction materials and the bank offers one hundred percent mortgage to families to allow them to buy a house .
Won the Habitat Prize from the UN.
However, they cant help families without jobs who cannot afford rent.
49
Explain the PAC Improvement Programme that helped the problems faced by favelas?
2007
Aim to help transport access, water, sanitation and electricity.
In Rocinha, they want to widen main roads, to allow greater access between neighbourhoods.
Cover the open sewage system.
Increase air circulation and reduce the tuberculosis rate.
300 billion was invested in low-income communities.
Houses were completed in 2010. Services in the favelas improve because people were paying higher taxes.
However, house prices rose by 50 percent so vulnerable residents could no longer afford it.
Some of the projects remain unfinished and less glamorous.
50
Explain the Green My Favela scheme that aimed to help the problems being faced by favelas.
2011
They identified areas of neglected land which may be suitable for the project. They created green spaces such as a children's garden.
They aim to improve people diets and the availability of nutritious food and also want the land to be made more productive and to provide an income for some people. they also want to educate children to be more environmentally aware.
They want to share new skills with a wide range of participants.
Keeps the area clean.
People can grow their own food.
Gives people new skills.
However, many of the schemes are only temporary.
They rely a lot on funding.
51
What is pacification in the favelas?
Sending police units into the slums to remove the gangs and bring back state control. This protects the residents and tourists.
52
Describe the problem of OVERCROWDING faced by Rio.
Rio has a population density of 6200 per square km.
The steep mountains that surround the narrow flat coastal strips of land and have restricted buildings so there is a lack of flat land.
53
Describe the problem of WATER POLLUTION faced by Rio.
Since 1864 raw sewage has been draining straight into the bay.
Only 40% of sewage gets treated in Rio
400 tonnes of sewage runs into Guanabara Bay each day.
54
Describe the problem of TRAFFIC CONGESTION faced by Rio.
Rio is ranked 8th in the worlds worst cities for traffic.
| Road tunnels through mountains are often the only way to connect one part of the city to the next.
55
Describe the problem of WASTE (RUBBISH) faced by Rio.
Lots of waste is often dumped in areas where there is often poor sanitation.
Increases rat populations.
If the rubbish dumped on hillsides, landslides could occur after heavy rain.
97.5% of Rio's rubbish ends up in landfill sites.
56
What solutions are there to Rio's problems?
Barra da Tijuca - planned area with few problems
Guanabara bay clear up
New train lines - Except for four stations it is completely underground.
Close Rio's Gramacho dump. However, over 1700 people will lose their jobs.
57
Describe Barra in Rio.
West Zone of Rio de Janeiro. Although only representing 4.7% of the city population, it is responsible for 30% of all tax collected.
Until the 1970s, this area was inaccessible and cut off from the rest of Rio. The construction of a four way motorway enabled it to be developed.
Has : gardens, shopping malls, apartment buildings and large mansions.
Received more than 100000 new residents.
Identified as one of the most developed places in Brazil, with one of the highest HDIs.
Hosted most of the venues for 2016 Summer Olympics.
58
Where is Japan located?
```
Continent of Asia.
140 degrees East of the Prime Meridian.
The Pacific Ocean is East of it.
Japan is made up of four main islands.
Surrounded by China, South Korea, Russia and North Korea.
```
59
Define interdependence.
The reliance of a country, especially in terms of trade and aid, on other countries in the global development.
60
What ranking does Tokyo have in the global city ranking?
FOURTH.
61
Describe the population distribution in Tokyo.
Tokyo is one of the highest populated cities. This is because there are larger areas of flat land (83% of Japan is mountainous). The areas near the coastline are highly populated because there is more flat land, better transport and natural harbours.
Central areas in Tokyo are most compact with 20000 people per km*2.
62
What type of population does Tokyo have?
Ageing population.
63
Describe the land use model in HIC (Tokyo)
```
The model -
Industry leading to the CBD
CBD in the centre
Older housing near the CBD
Newer/bigger housing is further away.
```
The actual map of Tokyo-
Industry is near the coast for ships to import and export goods
High class residential is on the outskirts.
Older housing is nearer to the CBD (cities build outwards, whats there first).
Farmland on the edge - more space.
Industry is along transport route.
Newer housing is further away from the CBD.
High class housing on the outskirts but still has good access.
64
Explain the urban problems faced by Tokyo.
The demand for both domestic and industrial water has increased considerably.
Waste, both industrial and household waste. The average weight of daily waste per person has almost doubled in the past two decades.
65
What are the solutions to the urban problems faced by Tokyo?
Decentralise everything from Tokyo by providing jobs elsewhere.
Innovations - new seven story Environment and Energy Innovation Building uses half of the power of a "normal" building the same size.
66
Explain the challenges of commuting faced by Tokyo?
Railway networks in Tokyo carry 40 million passengers with an average overcrowding ratio of 166%.
Snowy conditions meant that some passengers needed up to four hours for their usual 45 minute commute.
67
Explain the issue of vacant houses in Tokyo?
13.5% of houses in Tokyo are vacant. This is one in eight houses.
Safety hazards and they can fall apart and collapse. Prone to earthquake and storm damage. Reduces the local property values. Easy targets for criminals.
There are so many vacant houses because if you inherit a house that you don't want to live in as it is old (prefer new, modern apartments). however, they can't knock it down because the tax is higher on empty ground.
0.5 million houses have been left vacant since 2008.
68
What solutions are there to the issue of vacant housing?
Free up vacant houses for use of public housing.
Government giving renovation money to do up the old houses.
Create websites to advertise vacant houses.
69
What are some issues with the current homes?
Waste of energy
Bad insulation, thin walls and windows
ho in summer and cold in winter
70
What are the benefits of the new, eco-friendly homes in Tokyo?
Good airflow
Ventilation systems
Cheaper in the long term because the energy bills are lower.
Solar energy and body heat.
Thicker and better insulation will save you 80% of your energy bills.
71
Explain the issue of traffic congestion in Tokyo.
4.5 million vehicles travel through Tokyo daily.
Soltuions-
Crack down on illegal parking to free the roads
Increase the number of traffic lanes by widening the roads, going underground or building expressways on top of each other.
Promoting the use of public transport.
Upgrading traffic lights, redirecting traffic with new signs and routes.
72
How is the hydrogen fuel cell bus a solution to Tokyo's problem of public congestion?
```
300 km on one charge of hydrogen
very quick to refill
quiet
smooth
only produces water
```
Not as clean as they thought because the hydrogen needs to be transported around the country
Expensive (initially) - 60000 dollars.
73
How is the Superconducting Maglev train a solution the issue of public transport in Tokyo?
603 km high speed line between Tokyo and Nagaya.
40m underground to minimise noise
Smooth and fast
Uses magnets to lift it off the track by 10cm and push it along.
Could be unsafe
Uses a lot of power
As it is so fast it would be knocked over in an earthquake, causing devastation.
74
How does the Bullet train/E5 train solve Tokyo's issue of public transport?
```
No collision since 1964
300 km/hour
50m long nose to reduce the air pressure and noise
reduces energy use
accidents are very rare
carries 400 passengers.
```
75
Explain the Skytree building that was built to withstand earthquakes in Tokyo?
630m
Core is concrete
Staircase in the centre acts as the mass which reduces swaying
outer shell is made of steel
shake in different ways to reduce the overall sway
oil dampners absorb some of the sway (up to 50%)
Shock absorbers absorb the vibrations which will reduce the vibrations travelling up the building.
Computer controlled moveable weights on the roof. These are programmed to move in the opposite way to the swaying.
Cross bracing (typically across the windows) which gives the building structure and more strength. This will reduce the chance of the building twisting.
Automatic metal shutters over the windows to prevent shattering.
Foundations set deep into the ground.
Floating base so that the whole building will move when it shakes.
76
What waste management strategies are there in Tokyo?
Waste incineration facilities.
Recycling-related legalisation in Japan e.g. food recycling law.
Recycling of incinerated ash.
Separate collection.
77
Define counter-urbanisation.
The trend of people moving from urban areas to rural areas.
78
What is Bishops Castle?
In the county of Shropshire. There are more elderly people living here.
79
What are the push factors for elderly people moving out of larger towns/cities?
```
Busy
Congestion
Noisy
Pollution
Not safe
```
80
What are the pull factors for elderly people moving out of larger towns/cities?
```
Quieter
Leisure
Cheaper
Community
Open space
```
81
What are the push factors causing people to move into the city?
Limited jobs.
Not much to do.
Requirement of travel to do things.
82
What are the pull factors causing people to move into the city?
Variety of jobs
More higher education
More sociable
Broadband.
83
What are zones of affluence?
A place with a standard of living above that of the majority.
84
What are zones of deprivation?
A place with a standard of living below that of the majority.
85
What are zones with multicultural communities?
A place that has more than one culture living together in close proximity.
86
What percentage of Cardiff's population are ethnic minorities?
8%
87
What is Cardiff's CDB like?
Butetown.
St David's Centre and Capitol shopping centre.
447, 287 people.
The Principality Stadium.
88
What are brownfield sites?
Disused or deralict land. The site has already been developed so reduces urban sprawl. Expensive to build on because the land needs to be cleared first.
89
What are greenfield sites?
Sites which haven't already been built on. They are not favoured by environmentalists because they encourage urban sprawl. It encourages commuting and traffic congestion.
90
What is an eco-home?
An environmentally low-impact home designed and built using materials and technology that reduce its carbon footprint and lowers its energy needs.
91
What is BedZED?
Located in the SE of England in the S of London within the town of Sutton.
92
What does BedZED have to reduce its environmental impact?
No central heating or air con is needed.
South facing conservatory allows lots of natural light to get in.
Thick walls.
Ventilation.
Very light and bright.
Roof covered in Sedum (type of grass) to collect rainwater and then used for flushing toilets.
Wood chippings that would have gone to waste used to generate electricity and hot water.
93
What is BedZED's aim?
To reduce 27% of energy.
94
What are sustainable communities?
Places where people want to live/work. They meet the needs of residents without harming the environment.
95
What is Jennett's Park?
Bracknell.
Built on a greenfield site.
Environmentally sensitive - wildlife corridors and woodland areas.
Well connected - network of footpaths and cycle paths, near the villages, bus stops/routes.
Well designed - urban drainage systems to collect rainwater and channel it into existing ponds.
Public art.
Built on a greenfield site.
96
How is the park and ride scheme a form of sustainable transport in Cardiff?
Reduces traffic fumes, noise and congestion, reduces the number of vehicles entering a city.
Can be expensive, can't leave when you want to, have to carry all your shopping around.
97
How are cycle routes a form of sustainable transport in Cardiff?
Reduces car pollution, increases personal fitness.
98
How is the ultra taxi scheme a form of sustainable transport in Cardiff?
Battery operated, computer controlled sky train/pod.
3 times quicker than car, bus or light rail. No pollution, quiet, efficient cheaper.
Slow (10mph).
Quite small.
Electricity needs to be created.
99
How is the flexi time scheme a form of sustainable management in Cardiff?
Less rush hour traffic.
| Start and finish work at varying times.
100
How is the decreased number of city centre parking spaces scheme a form of sustainable transport in Cardiff?
Reduces vehicles entering the city.
Too expensive.
People may park illegally.
Lots of businesses/people go somewhere else.
101
What are some possible negative impacts of Jennett's Park?
Pressure on local services
Expensive
Not enough jobs
Habitats may be destroyed due to the housing being built of further farmland.
102
What conflict was there over the building of Jennett's Park?
Work was meant to begin in 2016, it wasn't completed and was left abandoned. The two owners of the site had a disagreement which bought it to an abrupt end. They managed to resolve the issue and rebuild.
103
Why do people want to live in the SE of England?
```
Near London
More transport links
Lots of job opportunities
Diverse
Global business headquarters.
Better weather.
Greater wealth in the S.
Closure to secondary industries in the N, therefore lack of jobs.
```
104
What % of the UK is a greenbelt?
13%.
105
What is a Garden City?
new, planned urban areas that have village like communities and plenty of space for private gardens an public open space.
106
Where are the three garden cities to be built in England?
Bicester
Ebbsfleet
Northstow
Each to be build with 15, 000 houses.
107
What is a convenience good?
Low cost items that consumers buy frequently. E.g. milk, bread, eggs.
108
What is a comparison good?
More expensive items that consumers buy less often.
| E.g. a car or handbag.
109
What is the range of a good?
The distance a consumer is willing to travel to buy the good.
110
What is the catchment area?
Area of a shop is the area which it gets its customers.
111
What is the threshold population?
The minimum number of people needed to ensure that a shop or service is profitable.
112
What are the characteristics of a corner shop?
```
Convenience goods. Low catchment area, threshold and range.
Open long hours.
Accessible by foot.
Not much available/small variety.
No parking.
Can be expensive.
```
113
What are the characteristics of a district shopping centre?
Mainly low order goods.
Small catchment area.
Medium threshold population.
Low range of good.
Not very crowded
Free parking
Affected by the weather
Small range of goods and services.
114
What are the characteristics of malls?
```
Convenience goods and convenience goods.
Medium-high catchment area.
High threshold population.
High range of good.
High threshold population.
```
Unaffected by the weather.
Multi-story car park.
Can be difficult to access.
Shops/cinemas/entertainment.
Expensive car parking.
High carbon footprint due to heating and cooling.
Can be difficult to access.
115
What are the characteristics of a CBD?
Convenience and comparison goods.
High catchment area.
High threshold population.
High range of good.
Open longer hours.
Lots of products available.
Can be difficult to access.
Long journey times into the CBD.
Expensive parking.
116
What are the characteristics of out-of-town retail parks?
Convenience goods.
High catchment area, threshold population, range of good.
Large (free) carparks
Variety of goods
Open later
Close to main roads.
It has led to the doughnut effect in cities.
117
What is the urban doughnut?
Urban doughnut/doughnut effect is when people move to the edge of the CBD/cities. People move out leaving the CBD empty. Out of town shopping centres have caused the urban doughnuts.
118
What is the impact of vacant shops?
less choice for consumers so people chose to shop in another area of town = lower footfall and less money is spent in remaining shops = more shops close
deralict buildings may be vandalised = the retail environment has poor quality.
less money is paid in business rates
the local authority has less money to spend on improving the environment of the town centre.
less choice
people begin to travel further in their cars affecting the environment due to pollution.
doesn't look nice.
negative multiplier effect.
119
Facts about the Principality Stadium?
```
opened June 1999
can hold 74500 spectators
1.3 millions visitors per year
130 million pounds to build.
HEART OF CARDIFF.
```
120
What are the benefits of the Principality Stadium?
2400 jobs created on event days.
27% of visitors are non-locals.
Visitors spend on average £40.
More paying visitors enter its gates than any other attraction in Wales.
Off-site spending £97 million.
Off-site spending supports 2100 full time jobs across Wales.
121
What is the positive multiplier effect of a stadium event?
event = money spent=more funding for next event=more advertisement opportunities=more money=advertised companies can thrive=more people will visit those companies and spend money=more money for the local tax=money can be spent to improve facilities=area is improved=more people want to spend money and visit.
122
What are some negative impacts of the Principality Stadium?
congestion-pollution-global warming
noisey
more crime eg pick pocketing.
pollution
residents might move out due to irritation from the stadium.
shops shut-area gets vandalised-area is ruined
can lead to terrorism.
47% of visitors travel by car
Visitors ecological fottprint is 7 times higher.
Cost for county council for hosting the event, e.g. traffic management and signage.
TV revenue does not go to the stadium - people can watch on the TV instead of going to the stadium.
123
What is your ecological footprint?
waste, co2, water, energy and plastic rubbish you produce.
124
Management of the problems faced by the Principality stadium?
if you book early, you are allocated a parking space.
Have police in the area in case of anti-social behaviour.
Reduce the amounts of tickets sold at the door.
More bins.
Encourage public transport.
Deposit on the cups - get the money back if you return the cups.
Cerfew for concert/matches ending time.
125
What is a National Park?
areas which are protected areas because of their beautiful countryside, wildlife and cultural heritage.
126
What are areas of outstanding natural beauty?
outstanding landscape whose distinctive character and natural beauty are so precious that it is safe-guarded in the national interest.
127
What are National Parks located in the UK?
Few on the coats. Quite sparse but more to the N/W of Birmingham.
Dartmoor is the National Park furthest from any large city.
128
What s carrying capacity?
the ability of a landscape to absorb the activity of people without any lasting damage.
129
What is a honeypot site?
a place of attractive scenery or of historic interest to which tourists swarm in large numbers.
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What attractions are there in Malham?
Waterfalls, Reservoirs, Caves.
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Facts about the Yorkshire Dales?
3. 8 million visitors
3. 3 million day trippers
0. 48 million overnight visitors.
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What problems are there in the Yorkshire Dales?
Quarries due to dust, noise, and eye-sores.
Tourists can be ignorant, their dogs chasing live-stock.
Cars ruining the land.
90% of all visits are made by car.
Cars park alongside the road, causing congestion.
Heavy use of footpaths creates erosion.
Litter reduces the appeal of an area. It increases the risk to livestock and animals.
Popularity of the area has lead to an increase in house prices. Young people cannot afford to stay in their home town.
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What management strategies are there in Malham (The Yorkshire Dales)?
Tree planting - reduces the visual intrusion of the tarmac.
Removal of bins - encourages visitors to take personal responsibility for their rubbish.
Dog waste bins - were removed because people used it for rubbish, however, then people left the waste on the floor.
Crushed limestone pathways - combats excessive erosion, reduces trespassing because people know where they can walk. It blends in with the natural rock and lasts a long time.
Providing off-street parking so the roads are less congested - farmers can open their fields for parking so they get more money - however, there is a loss of income for businesses because people cannot park outside their shops.
