Urbanisation/Urban Issues Flashcards
(41 cards)
Distinguish between urbanisation, urban growth and urban sprawl
-Urbanisation: larger proprotion of population in cities from migration or natural increase (industrial rev)
-Urban growth: Increase in population of city
-Urban sprawl: Increase in size of city
True/False:
-In 2008, world population become more urban
-India and Nigeria will have the lowest urban growth in next 20 years
-Tokyo is largest megacity currently with over 38 mil residents
True. False (opposite). True
State 4 reasons why urban centres are important for human affairs
-Where political power and decision making is.
-Social/cultural centres e.g. museums.
-Ideas/innovation e.g. universities (tech = smart cities).
-Economic benefits e.g. London financial services
Give 2 general stats relating to megacity growth between 1990 and 2018
-Asia has seen growth of many megacities.
-17/20 fastest growing cities are in Africa, 2024. Industrializing and urbanization. Climate change forces them to change from manufacturing to service. Other countries are highly developed already. Economic takeoff.
Define suburbanisation? Why was it popular in the 30s? Why recently in London? Why after WW2?
-Greater proportion of population/services moving to the edge of the city.
-Greater arterial roads
-London=underground
After 2nd world war, mass house building/ rebuilding.
Give push and pull factors for suburbanisation/counter
Push: -Move away from industry or pollution/congestion to clean country side. Though, pollution often higher due to content ration of transport nodes.
Pull: - Leisure/open space (rural idyll).
-Perceived better education.
-Sense of community.
-Spread of high speed internet= easier to work from home. Post Covid.
-Semi-rural lifestyle
Give 2+ and - of suburbanisation
+More employment opportunties. But, repatriation of wages spent on out of town businesses
+Upgraded transport networks such as rail or road.
-Greater pressure on greenbelt land= less for agriculture.
-Congestion/pollution from the commuters who work in cities. Rush hour.
-Loss of affluence from inner city
-Some suburbs used to relocate poorer inner city residents away from redevelopment projects. Social cleansing and ghettos. More poverty.
-City brain drain?
What is counter-urbanisation?
Migration of people from urban areas beyond the city limit to rural settlements. New large housing estates and some buildings replace farmhouses
Causes of counter urbanisation:
-When was there economic decline in cities?
-What was the New Towns Act 1940s?
-What was green belt policy?
-Decline in 70s/80s due to deindustrialisation of major industries. Lots of crime, unemployment and pollution.
-1940s: Gov policies encouraged counter around London with transport links and tried to persuade by highlighting green spaces.
-Green belt policies restricted growth pf cities to protect environment. Developers therefore had to look beyond city limits. Commuter settlements e.g. Formby.
Give 4 consequences of counter-urbanisation on TOWNs
-Greater house prices due to a rise in demand. Newcomers can often outbid lovals as they are more affluent. Pressure on green belt.
-Rural turnaround: Young people move to the cities for jobs and education while elderly/families/rich move to towns. But, maybe more ethnic diversity.
-Tensions between locals and newcomers. Newcomers might spend in cities leading to closure of out of town businesses. But, will local businesses be supported by gov?
-Loss of village character as smaller villages become large housing estates.
What is urban resurgence? When in the UK? Explain what dead heart syndrome is. Why is it bad?
-Economic or structural regeneration of an inner city area whic has suffered a period of decline. In the 1990s. Usually, encouraged by the government.
-Government feared dead heart syndrome where the inner city and CBD would become run-down and not function like it is supposed to and the outskirts would become more productive economically. Bad for tax revenue, congestion, crime and loss of culture.
Leads to reurbanisation
Give 3 ways urban resurgence was encouraged. Give 2 push factors from the rural areas and 2 pull factors back to the urban areas.
Encouraged by:
-New jobs in retail outlets/malls (Liverpool)
-Regeneration of derelict buildings and gentrification.
Push from rural:
-Slower services such as broadband.
-Greater house prices due to counter or sub
Pull to cities:
-Young people for work, entertainment an education. ‘24hr city.’
-Derelict buildings regenerated to look attractive. Liverpool offered £1 houses in Wavertree. Though, the conditions were awful and would’ve required lots of investment to meet gov target. Good sense of community.
Give 2 pros and cons to the city of urban resurgence
+Tourism might increase which can lead to a localised multiplier effect. +More people and thus more shops and businesses to reduce previous unemployment.
-Original residents still have low incomes.
-Tensions
Give 3 features of Liverpool’s regeneration and subsequent resurgence
-Liverpool One: Over 1.4 million square ft of retail space. Variety of shops. Privately funded.
-Liverpool Two: Deep water port and cruise terminal on derelict dockland for trade.
-£1 billion Anfield project for housing development/street lighting.
Define megacity. Where are there no/few megacities? What is projected to be the largest by 2100?
Mega = Greater than 10 million residents.
-None in Oceania. Mostly in SE Asia, India, Africa and a few in Europe.
-Lagos. >70 million residents.
Dhaka: One of world’s largest megacities:
Where? 2 opportunities and challenges?
-Bangladesh.
Cotton and silk trade. Large textile industry with potential to grow in future due to sustainability. Vegetables. Growing demand for organic farming. Agribusiness
Corrupt government and difficult access to clean water in slum/sqautter
Define a world city. Give some examples of Aplha++ cities? Where are they usually found?
What’s the quinary sector?
-Interconnected global cities that have significant economic and political influence. Usually in HICs such as London or NY. Mostly northern hemisphere. None in Africa.
Alpha, beta, gamma (based on spatial significance)
Quinary sector highest level of decision making
Why does growing city population often lead to greater productivity? Why might it not?
-More able and creative workers are attracted. Agglomeration. For eg, reduced costs of moving goods, such innovation from workers
-Barriers to productivity such as lack of transport networks or infrastructure use (deglomeration).
World city importance:
Economically
Politically
Culturally
Infrastructure
-Eco: HQs of TNCs in world cities
-Political: Government decision making and summit meetings in Londo leading to trade deals
-Cultural: Centres of innovation. Learning and science parks. Attract people.
-Infrastructure: Advanced transport such as London underground
Give 3 causes of megacity growth
-Involuntary such as Boko Haram political conflict
-Rural to urban migration (voluntary)
-Natural increase
-Port/trade
Give 2 SEE positives and negatives of megacities
-Social: Healthcare and education and lots of workers to boost economy BUT high crime due to income inequality for example. Often immigration.
-Economic: Greater incomes for many and tech innovation BUT low incomes for dwellers, inflated land prices and lots of traffic preventing swift delivery of freight.
-Env: Recycling and public transport BUT waste issues and pollution.
Urban Growth in Megacity Bengaluru:
Political impacts
Technological
Demographic
Economic
Social
-Pol: Electronic city for industry. Low taxes and high education investment for knowlege economy such as banking.
-Tech: 200 engineering colleges. Overseas/local investment. Highly skilled cheap labour. Reivest into training e.g. IT
-Dem: Growing dramtically and unsustainably. Lots of migrants for future growth.
-Eco: Large growth in knowlege economy. Luxurious apartments for wealthy. Largest Indian job-creating city.
-Social: Growing divide between middle-class and lower. Slums have been constructed due to greater housing prices. Alongside railways or rubbish dumps for example. Poor access to sanitaion or electricity (legally).
Define deindustrialisation and decentralisation. Give 2 causes of each.
-Deindustrialisation: Long-term decline of manufacturing/heavy industry. 5.2 million in manufacturing to 2.6 million now. Caused by:
-Increasing automation
-Multinationals relocating in areas with lower labour cost. Can’t compete with these. Dyson manufacturing Asia.
-Less demand as people spent income on services instead.
-Decentralisation: Redistributing people, fucntions or power away from city centre. Usually shopping centres.
E.g closure of M and S in urban areas. Metrocentre is shopping place away from Newcastle.
Cheap industrial estates close to transport links
-Competition for space in the inner city forced some out. Cheaper on outskirts.
-Negative perceived image of cities
Governments encourage to reduce economic inequality in regions
Give 2 SEE impacts of deindustrialisation
-Social: Migration and unemployment. Social issues like crime and health.
-Eco: Less jobs and incomes meant more spent on welfare. -Reverse multiplier.
-Env: -Dereliction and pollution.
