Urinalysis

Question 1

Isothenuria specific gravity range

Answer 1

1.008 - 1.012

Question 2

Isosthenuria indicates…

Answer 2

• > 70% nephrons are non-functional
• severe kidney disease
• end stage kidney disease/failure
• inability of kidney to concentrate/dilute urine

Question 3

Amorphous crystals

Answer 3

• crystals with no defining shape
• little clinical significance

Question 4

Is cloudy urine normal in horse?

Answer 4

Yes, because horse tends to absorb excessive calcium from intestine and eliminate it via urine, giving the urine a cloudy appearance.

Mucus also adds to the cloudiness.

Question 5

Urine properties of patient with diabetes mellitus

Answer 5

• ## high urine specific gravity

Question 6

PUPD in ill female dog with recent heat history. Suggest a disease.

Answer 6

Suspected pyometra

Question 7

Urine specific gravity for animals with PUPD

Answer 7

Low USG

Question 8

Methods to collect urine sample

Answer 8

• Mid-stream catch
• Manual compression
• Urinary catheterization
• Cystocentesis

Question 9

How to conduct microscopic examination of urine?

Answer 9

The urine sample needs to be centrifuged to acquire sediments

Question 10

What are the 3 ketone bodies?

Answer 10

1. Acetoacetate
2. Beta-hydroxybutyric acid
3. Acetone (least abundant)

Question 11

Where and why ketone bodies are being produced?

Answer 11

Ketone bodies are produced by liver to serve as alternative energy source when glucose is not readily available.

Question 12

Ketonuria interpretation

Answer 12

1. Starvation
2. Diabetes mellitus
3. Excessive fat in diet
4. Ketosis (cattle)
5. Pregnancy toxaemia (sheep)

Question 13

Glucosuria interpretation

Answer 13

1. Diabetes mellitus
2. Stress induced glucosuria
3. Pancreatic necrosis
4. Drug induced glucosuria
5. Hyperadrenocorticism

Question 14

Bilirubinuria interpretation

Answer 14

1. Hemolytic diseases (pre-hepatic)
2. Hepatocellular diseases (hepatic)
3. Bile duct obstruction (post-hepatic)

Question 15

Definition of oliguria

Answer 15

Low urine output

Question 16

Urobilinogen usually present in urine. The absence indicates…

Answer 16

Cholestasis

Question 17

What is cholestasis?

Answer 17

Bile duct obstruction

Question 18

Mild to moderate proteinuria indicates…

Answer 18

Tubular disease/ injury/ damage

Question 19

Marked proteinuria indicates

Answer 19

Glomerular disease/ injury/ damage

Question 20

In A:G ratio, albumin level will always be higher or lower than globulin?

Answer 20

Higher

Question 21

Altered A:G ratio can cause

Answer 21

Edema

Question 22

A:G ratio is used for…

Answer 22

To detect liver, kidney diseases and infection

Question 23

Fat droplets in cat and dog urine

Answer 23

Due to the degeneration of epithelial cells and usually do not have any clinical significance

Question 24

Functions of albumin in blood vessels

Answer 24

Maintain the oncotic pressure of blood vessels by drawing liquid from interstitial space into the blood vessels.

Question 25

Hydrostatic pressure is

Answer 25

It is the capillary blood pressure acting on blood vessels. The force that pushes out fluids from blood vessels.

Question 26

Oncotic pressure is

Answer 26

It is the counteracting pressure of hydrostatic pressure that prevent fluids from leaking out of the blood vessels. The pressure is affected by protein.

Question 27

Causes of proteinuria

Answer 27

1. Inflammation and haemorrhage of urinary tract 2. Pre-renal disease (cardiac disease, shock) 3. Renal disease (glomerular or tubular)

Question 28

Glucose can present in the urine of healthy animal if

Answer 28

If glucose exceeds renal reabsorption capacity

Question 29

Functions of urinalysis

Answer 29

Screen, evaluate and monitor kidney functions

Question 30

Protein levels in urine can increase temporarily as a result of

Answer 30

1. Dehydration 2. Infection 3. Pregnancy 4. Exercise 5. Stress

Question 31

Kidney damage leading to proteinuria can be due to

Answer 31

1. Diabetes 2. Hypertension 3.

Question 32

Common uroliths in cat and dog

Answer 32

1. Calcium oxalate 2. Struvite 3. Urate (dog)