Urinalysis

Question 1

Anuria

Answer 1

Failure of the kidney to produce urine

Question 2

Diuresis

Answer 2

Secretion and passage of large amounts of urine

Question 3

Dysuria

Answer 3

Difficult or painful urination

Question 4

Hematuria

Answer 4

The presence of blood in the urine

Conditions: cystitis, tumors of the bladder, urethritis, kidney stones, and certain kidney disorders

Question 5

Nocturia

Answer 5

Excessive (voluntary) uriniation during the night

Question 6

Nocturnal enuresis

Answer 6

Inability of the individual to control uriniation at night during sleep (bedwetting)

Question 7

Oliguria

Answer 7

Decrease output of urine

Question 8

Polyuria

Answer 8

Increase output of urine

Question 9

Pyuria

Answer 9

The presence of pus in the urine

Question 10

Retention

Answer 10

Inability of empty the bladder

Question 11

Urinary incontinence

Answer 11

The inability to retain urine

Question 12

Clean-Catch Midstream Specimen

Answer 12

• Used for urine that is to be cultured.
• Purpose is the removal of microorganisms from the unitary meatus and the distal urethra
• Used for UTI and effectiveness of drug therapy

Question 13

Bladder catheterization

Answer 13

passing of a sterile tube (catheter) through the urethra and into the bladder to remove urine

Question 14

Suprapubic aspiration

Answer 14

The passing of a sterile needle through the abdominal wall into the bladder to remove urine

Question 15

First-Catch Urine Specimen

Answer 15

• Used to test for clamydia and gonorrhea using nucleic acid amplification (NAA)
• Needs 15 to 30mL of urine

Question 16

24 Hour Urine Specimen

Answer 16

• Used for qualitative measurement of specific urinary components.
• i.e. electrolytes, hormones, proteines, and urobilinogen

Question 17

Urinalysis

Answer 17

The analysis of urine that consists of physical, chemical, and microscopic exams

Question 18

Physical Exam of urine

Answer 18

Determines the color, appearance, and specific gravity

Question 19

Specific gravity

Answer 19

Indicates the amount of dissolved substance present in the urine, providing info on the ability of the kidneys to dilute or concentration the urine

Question 20

Chemical Exam of Urine

Answer 20

Used to assist in evaluation of diagnosis of kidney fxn and possible pathological condition
Ex. UTI, carbohydrates metabolism and liver function

Question 21

pH

Answer 21

Urine is normally 4.6 to 8, a freshly voided specimen can be about 6.0.
- A high pH reading can indicate a bacterial infection of the urinary tract

Question 22

Glucose

Answer 22

Normally not in urine. It is filtered through the neophrons and reasorbed. Blood sugar is too high then renal threshold is exceeded and it spills over to the urine (glycosuria)

Question 23

Renal threshold

Answer 23

The concentration at which a substance in the blood that is not normally excreted by the kidneys begins to appear in the urine.
- Typically 160 to 180mg/dL (100 mL of blood)

Question 24

Proteinuria

Answer 24

Protein in urine. Can be caused by stress but usually an indicator of pathological conditions
- Ex. renal disease, UTI, and glomerular filtration problems

Question 25

Ketones

Answer 25

- 3 Types: Beta-hydoxybutyric acid, acetoacetic acid, and acetone - Are normal products of fat metabolism and can be used by muscle tissue as a source of energy

Question 26

Ketosis

Answer 26

Large amounts of ketones accumulate in the tissue and body fluids

Question 27

Ketonuria

Answer 27

Ketones in urine

Question 28

Bilirubin

Answer 28

The brakedown of hemoglobin is the vivid yellow pigment.

Question 29

Bilirubinuria

Answer 29

Bilirubin in the urine usually from conditions: gallstones, hepatitis, cirrhosis

Question 30

Urobilinogen

Answer 30

Bacteria from the intestines convert to urobilinogen. Increase of bilirubin increases the amount of urobilinogen excreted from the urine Conditions: infectious hepatitis, cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, and infectious mononucleosis

Question 31

Nitrite

Answer 31

Usually indicates UTI. Converts nitrate to nitrite . Uses first void morning specimen

Question 32

Leukocyturia

Answer 32

The presence of leukocytes. Clean catch midstream is recommended urine specimen Conditions: inflammation of kidneys and lower urinary tract. Specific conditions: cystitis, urethritis, and chronic pyelonephritis.

Question 33

Urine Sediment (US*)

Answer 33

Red blood cells, white blood cells, Squamous epithelial cells, renal tubular epithelial cells, hyaline casts, amorphous rate, uric acid, calcium oxalate, bacteria, yeast, parasites and parasitic ova, and spermatozoa

Question 34

Red blood cells US*

Answer 34

- Round, colorless, biocave discs that are highly refractive. - 0-5 cells per HPF - Concentrated urine causes red blood cells to appear shrunken or crenated - Dilute urine causes them the swell and become round= hemolyze

Question 35

White blood cells US*

Answer 35

0-8 per HPF is normal. More = inflammation of the genitourinary tract

Question 36

Squamous Epithelial Cells US*

Answer 36

Large, clear, flat cells with an irregular shape and neculeus. Come from urethra, bladder, and vagina

Question 37

Renal Epithelial Cells US*

Answer 37

Round and contain a large nucleus. Usually abnormal to see them

Question 38

Casts US*

Answer 38

Cylindric structure formed in the lumen of the tubules that make up the nephron. Ex: Fatty, Waxy, Cellular, Grandular

Question 39

Hyaline Casts

Answer 39

Pale, colorless cylinder with rounded edges that vary in size

Question 40

Crystals US*

Answer 40

Commonly appear in alkaline urine. Ex amorphous phosphate, triple phosphate, calcium phosphate, and ammonium irate crystals

Question 41

Yeast Cells US*

Answer 41

Smooth, refractive bodies with oval shape. Vaginal contaminants caused by yeast Candida albicans which cause vulvovaginal candidiasis

Question 42

Parasites US*

Answer 42

Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasite that causes Trichomonas vaginitis