Urinalysis

Question 1

What are the types of specimen?

Answer 1

• Random
• First Morning
• Timed
• 24 hours

Question 2

How can urine be collected?

Answer 2

• Clean catch
• Catheter
• Suprapubic

Question 3

What are some preservatives for urine?

Answer 3

• Boric acid
• HCL
• Chlorhexidine
• Formalin

Question 4

How much sample do you need for testing?

Answer 4

Minimum 12 mL
preferably 50 mL

Question 5

What is the preferred sample for chemical analysis?

Answer 5

First morning

Question 6

What is the most common sample collected?

Answer 6

Random

Question 7

What are not acceptable samples?

Answer 7

• Fecal contam
• Bathroom tissue
• Foreign materials

Question 8

What changes can occur is urine stands at room temp for longer than 2 hours?

Answer 8

• deterioration of formed elements
• Bilirubin and urobilinogen are unstable
• pH change
• Bacteria incubation
• Lysis

Question 9

How should urine samples be transported?

Answer 9

Refrigerated and with a sub culture on agar

Question 10

What does QC check for ?

Answer 10

• Checks the strip
• Checks the analyzer
• Checks the technique

Question 11

How often should QC be ran?

Answer 11

2 levels every 24 hours

Question 12

How much urine does one produce a day?

Answer 12

600 - 1,500 mL / day

Question 13

What are the physical characteristics of urine are examined?

Answer 13

• Colour
• Clarity
• Amount

Question 14

What determines concentration of urine?

Answer 14

Specific gravity and osmolarity

Question 15

What is specific gravity?

Answer 15

concentration and diluting ability of the kidneys
- affected by glucose and proteins

Question 16

What are the different diabetes?

Answer 16

Mellitus: deficient in insulin

Insipidus: deficient in ADH

Question 17

What is osmolarity?

Answer 17

Concentrating and diluting ability of the kidneys
- costly
- better than specific gravity

Question 18

What does glycosuria/ glucosuria mean?

Answer 18

significant amount of glucose in urine

Question 19

What does Hematuria mean?

Answer 19

presence of blood or intact RBC in urine

Question 20

What does hemoglobinuria mean?

Answer 20

presence of free hemoglobin in the urine caused by intravascular hemolysis

Question 21

What does myoglobinuria mean?

Answer 21

myoglobin in the heme protein of striated muscles present in urine.

Question 22

What is the freezing point depression?

Answer 22

measurement based on how long it takes urine to freeze
*when more substance is there the longer it may take to freeze .

Question 23

What is reflectance spectrophotometry used in urinalysis?

Answer 23

Light is shined on the urine pad and the reflectance of the light is measured.

Question 24

What does polyuria mean?

Answer 24

more than normal urine output

Question 25

What does anuria mean?

Answer 25

Absence of urine

Question 26

What does oliguria mean?

Answer 26

Excretion less than 500 mL of urine.

Question 27

What is the name of the slide used for urine microscopy?

Answer 27

Deci slides

Question 28

What determines if urine is microscopically examined?

Answer 28

presence of - Proteins - RBC - WBC - Nitrites

Question 29

What happens when there too much urine on test strip?

Answer 29

run over effect

Question 30

What is the average pH of urine?

Answer 30

6

Question 31

What protein is the reagent test strip sensitive for?

Answer 31

Albumin

Question 32

What can cause protein false pos’s?

Answer 32

Alkaline pH Dipping too long Cleaners

Question 33

What can cause protein false neg's?

Answer 33

Diluted urine proteins other than albumin

Question 34

What is the threshold for glucose?

Answer 34

10 mmol/L

Question 35

What are false pos’s for glucose?

Answer 35

Cleaning agents urobilinogen

Question 36

What can cause false neg’s for glucose?

Answer 36

Temp (cold) Vit.C High ketones

Question 37

How are ketones formed?

Answer 37

during the catabolism of fatty acids

Question 38

What are false pos’s for ketones?

Answer 38

drugs high specific gravity + low pH Highly pigmented urines

Question 39

What are false neg's for ketones?

Answer 39

any ketone produced that isn’t acetone

Question 40

What are the three ketones?

Answer 40

- Acetone - Diacetic acid - B- hydroxybutyrate

Question 41

Which ketone is tested for?

Answer 41

Acetone

Question 42

What are false pos’s for occult blood?

Answer 42

Bleach high bac content betadine

Question 43

What are false neg’s for occult blood?

Answer 43

failure to mix sample Vit.C formalin

Question 44

How are bilirubin and urobilinogen produced?

Answer 44

breakdown of hemoglobin

Question 45

What happens when bilirubin is exposed to light?

Answer 45

oxidizes greens biliverdin

Question 46

What are false pos’s for bilirubin?

Answer 46

- waiting too long to read - drugs - metabolites

Question 47

What are false neg’s for bilirubin?

Answer 47

Vit. C elevated nitrites light room temp too long

Question 48

What are false pos’s for urobilinogen?

Answer 48

high bilirubin

Question 49

What are false neg’s for urobilinogen?

Answer 49

high nitrite formalin improper storage

Question 50

What produce nitrites?

Answer 50

- Ecoli - Enterobacters - Klebsiella (organisms that cause UTI)

Question 51

What are false pos’s for nitrites?

Answer 51

allowing urine to stand red urine

Question 52

What are false neg’s for nitrites?

Answer 52

Vit.C high specific gravity high urobilinogen

Question 53

Which leukocyte is the most common for leukocyte esterase results?

Answer 53

Neutrophils

Question 54

What are false pos’s for leukocyte esterase?

Answer 54

detergents vaginal discharge preservatives

Question 55

What are false neg’s for leukocyte esterase?

Answer 55

high specific gravity urine with glucose and proteins drugs