Urinalysis Flashcards
(44 cards)
3 Major components of complete UA
- Physical
- Chemical
- Sediment
Urine turbidity
Concentrated samples in healthy animals
- cells
- protein
- mucus –seen in healthy horse
- crystals –seen in healthy rabbits and horse
- lipids
Mechanisms/ causes of Proteinuria
- Urinary Tract Hemorrhage
- Urinary Tract Inflammation
- Pre-Renal Proteinuria
- -Physiologic
- -Overflow - Primary Renal dz
- -Glomerular
- -Tubular
2 main mechanisms of Glucosuria
- Overflow = increased serum glucose
2. Decreased tubular function
Adequate Urine Concentration (define / critical cut offs)
“Minimum SG in otherwise healthy animal that NEEDS to conserve fluid”
Cat = >1.035 Dog = >1.030 others = >1.025
3 ketone bodies
- Acetone
- Acetoacetate –mainly detected
- B hydroxybuterate –mainly produced
Dz associated with Ketone formation, and why it occurs.
Due to NEGATIVE ENERGY BALANCE
- Diabetes mellitus
- Lactation
- Late Pregnancy
- Starvation
- (hepatic lipidosis)
What changes would you see in Diabetes mellitus in a UA?
Ketonuria and Glucosuria
increase serum glucose
Renal threshold for glucose (define / species values)
The concentration at which the PCT can no longer fully reabsorb glucose. Cows = 100 Horses= 150 Dogs = 180 Cats = 280
Only form of bilirubin found in urine (and why?)
only CONJUGATED bilirubin
-water soluble and NOT protein-bound –> freely filtered
Form of bilirubin detected by urine test trips
Specific for CONJUGATED bilirubin
What is the “tablet test” called/ used for?
Ictotest
- confirms presence of conjugated bilirubin
- more sensitive when urine is dark
Severe hemolysis –> bilirubinuria
Severe hemolysis –> rapid drop in Hct –> traumatic insult to liver (ALT) –> swelling –> compression of ductules and ducts –> cholestasis! –> back up of conjugated bilirubin in blood –> filtered –> bilirubinuria
Occult blood on test strips
- 3 processes and what would be detected
- Hemorrhage –> Intact RBCs
- Hemolysis –> Hb
- Rhabdomyolysis –> Myoglobin
To differentiate the 3 types of occult blood.
RBCs
- patchy chem strip
- spin –> RBCs will spin out
- examine sediment
Hb
- Check Hct and RBC morph
- pink/ red serum –due to haptoglobin
Myoglobin
- Hx &PE
- clear serum –bc freely filtered
- check muscle enzymes
pH change in stored urine
CO2 lost to environment –> alkalization
this also breaks down organic components
Bacteria –> alkaline urine
Urease producing bacteria –> increased ammonia –> alkalization
Alterations caused by alkaline pH
pH > 8
–> Trace to 1+ protein AND breakdown of organic components
Where are casts formed?
DISTAL tubules
Mucoprotein that forms cast matrix
Tamm-horsfall protein –secreted via DCT epithelium
Process for presence of EPITHELIAL casts
-Tubular degeneration (aka granular casts)
Process for presence of GRANULAR casts
-Tubular degeneration (aka epithelial casts)
Process for presence of WAXY casts
- Tubular degeneration (+/- slowed transit)
- -further degenerate than granular cast
Differentiate btwn Pyelonephritis and cystitis
Cystitis = WBCs in urine
- no systemic inflamm
Pyelonephritis = WBC or WBC casts in urine
- systemic inflamm, fever
