Urinalysis

Question 1

Normal Values: pH

Answer 1

Range 4.8-7.5

Usually 5.0-6.0

Question 2

Significance of pH

Answer 2

Varies (significantly) with diet, drugs, and disease
Usually more alkaline with
UTI’s and renal disease

Question 3

False + and -: pH

Answer 3

None Known

Question 4

Normal Values: PROTEIN

Answer 4

Negative to Trace

Question 5

Significance of Protein.

What factors contribute to a positive result?

Answer 5

Non-specific finding
May appear after exercise, stress or fever

Positive with: renal glomerular disease, CHF, multiple myeloma, pre-eclampsia, DM, amyloidosis,

Question 6

False +s of Protein

Answer 6

Sensitive to Albumin, not Globulins

False + : urine pH> 8.5

Question 7

Normal Values of Specific Gravity

Answer 7

Range 1.003-1.025

Question 8

Values of Specific Gravity are increased with?

Answer 8

Increased with: D Mellitus, presence of proteins or fats, X-ray dyes

Question 9

Values of Specific Gravity are decreased with?

Answer 9

Decreased with: D Incipitis, collagen disease, pyelonephritis, malnutrition

Question 10

False +/-s of Specific Gravity?

Answer 10

None Known

Question 11

Normal Values of GLUCOSE?

Answer 11

Negative

Question 12

Glucose values are positive with what?

Answer 12

Spills into urine at blood levels> 160 mg/dl

Positive with: DM, gestational diabetes, pancreatic disease, renal tubular disease, Cushing’s Syndrome

Question 13

False +’s of Glucose?

Answer 13

False + : Phenylketones

Question 14

False -s of Glucose?

Answer 14

False - : high Vitamin C (need to advise each patient – wait 24 hr), Cephalosporins, ketonuria, and if GFR is very low in DM

Question 15

Normal Values of Ketones?

Answer 15

negative

Question 16

Significance of Ketone test? What results in a true postitive test?

Answer 16

Byproducts of fatty acid metabolism
Positive with: Diabetic ketoacidosis, fever, fasting/starvation, prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, thyrotoxicosis, alcoholism, low CHO or high protein diets

Question 17

False - for Ketone test?

Answer 17

False - : old urine

Question 18

False + for Ketone test?

Answer 18

False + : phenylketones, levodopa metabolytes

Question 19

Normal Values for BLOOD/ HEMOGLOBIN test?

Answer 19

Negative

Question 20

Significance of Blood/Hemoglobin test? What factors contribute to a positive result?

Answer 20

Intact RBC’s – speckled
Ruptured RBC - solid color
Free myoglobn

Positive with: UTI, renal disease, bladder CA, Kd stones, coagulation disorders, right CHF, HTN, trauma, leukemia, intravascular hemolysis

Question 21

False +s of Blood/Hemoglobin tests?

Answer 21

False + : Myoglobinuria

Question 22

False -s of Blood/Hemoglobin tests?

Answer 22

False - : high Vitamin C

Question 23

Normal Values of Bilirubin test?

Answer 23

Negative

Question 24

Significance of Bilirubin test? What contributes to a positive result?

Answer 24

Formed from the degradation of hemoglobin

Positive with: build-up of conjugated bilirubin due to hepatocellular disease, post-hepatic obstructive jaundice

Question 25

False -s of a bilirubin test?

Answer 25

False - : High Vitamin C, prolonged exposure to light

Question 26

False +s of a bilirubin test?

Answer 26

False + : yridium, Chlorpromazine

Question 27

Normal values of a urobilinogen test?

Answer 27

Negative to Trace

Question 28

Significance of a urobilinogen test?

Answer 28

Formed from bilirubin by intestinal bacteria | Positive with: hemolytic anemia, some hepatocellular diseases, CHF, hepatitis, bowel obstruction or toxicity

Question 29

False -s of a urobilinogen test?

Answer 29

False - : prolonged exposure to light, formaldehyde, antibiotics

Question 30

False +s of a urobilinogen test?

Answer 30

False + : Phenylpyridine, PABA, azo dyes

Question 31

Normal Values of a nitrites test?

Answer 31

negative

Question 32

Significance of a nitrites test?

Answer 32

Byproduct of bacterial metabolism Positive with: UTI with bacteria capable of converting NO3→NO2 ( E.Coli, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas) Negative finding does not rule out UTI !!

Question 33

False -s of a nitrites test?

Answer 33

False - : High Vitamin C, High specific gravity, low nitrate diets, urine in bladder < 4 hours

Question 34

False +s of a nitrites test?

Answer 34

False + : bacterial growth in old urine sample, Pyridium, pigment from beets

Question 35

Normal Values of a WBCs/Leukocytes test?

Answer 35

Negative to Trace

Question 36

What contributes to a positive WBC/Leukocytes test?

Answer 36

Positive with: infection or irritation of the urinary tract, Kidney stones

Question 37

False +s for a WBC/leukocytes test?

Answer 37

False + : High Vitamin C, Trichomonas, heavy mucus, vaginal contamination