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Visceral Disorders > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

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1
Q

What percent of cardiac output perfuses to the kidneys every minute?

A

25%

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2
Q

What percent of cardiac output perfuses to the kidneys every minute?

A

25%

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3
Q

What hormones are produced at the kidneys

A

EPO, Renin

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4
Q

Properties of urine can be categorized how?

A

Physical, Chemical, Microscopic

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5
Q

What % of urine is H2O?

A

95%

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6
Q

How much dissolved material is typically found in 24hrs of urine?

A

60g

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7
Q

Urine contains what compounds/elements?

A

Na+, Cl-, K+, Creatinine, Uric Acid, NH3, Urea

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8
Q

> 2000ml urine

A

Polyuria

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9
Q
A

Oligouria

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10
Q

Absence of urine production

A

Anuria

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11
Q

Potential causes of polyuria

A

Diabetes mellitus, Diabetes insipidus, Increased fluid intake, diuretic

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12
Q

Potential causes of oligouria

A

Renal tube dysfunction, end stage renal disease, edema, dehydration

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13
Q

Potential causes of anuria

A

Renal failure, Obstruction, Myocardial infarction

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14
Q

Increased H2O intake is termed?

A

Polydipsia

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15
Q

Urine specimen collection is most accurate at what time?

A

In the morning

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16
Q

What part of the stream is most concentrated?

A

Mid-stream

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17
Q

How long does urine break down at room temperature? refrigerated?

A

30 minutes

4 hours

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18
Q

What type of urine sample is most common?

A

Random

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19
Q

With preservative, how long can urine last?

A

24 hours

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20
Q

What changes in urine quality when it breaks down?

A 
It darkens
Turbidity increases
Odor increases
pH increases
glucose, ketones, nitritesm and urobilinogen decrease
RBCs lyse WBC disintegrate
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21
Q

What is the normal color of urine?

A

Straw to amber

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22
Q

A red/dark brown color to urine suggests what?

A

Increased RBC hemoglobin, myoglobin in urine

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23
Q

A smokey red/pink urine suggests that it contains what?

A

blood

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24
Q

What vegetable can change color of urine?

A

Beets

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25
Dark yellow urine suggests presence of what?
Bilirubin/Urobilinogen
26
A milky color of urine is due to what?
presence of lipids
27
If urine is turbid without crystal formation what might you suspect?
UTI
28
The normal specific gravity of urine is what?
10.15-10.35
29
The normal specific gravity of urine is what?
10.15-10.35
30
What hormones are produced at the kidneys
EPO, Renin
31
Properties of urine can be categorized how?
Physical, Chemical, Microscopic
32
What % of urine is H2O?
95%
33
How much dissolved material is typically found in 24hrs of urine?
60g
34
Urine contains what compounds/elements?
Na+, Cl-, K+, Creatinine, Uric Acid, NH3, Urea
35
>2000ml urine
Polyuria
36
A feculent smell of urine indicates what?
Fistula... alternatively, asparagus consumption
37
Absence of urine production
Anuria
38
Potential causes of polyuria
Diabetes mellitus, Diabetes insipidus, Increased fluid intake, diuretic
39
Potential causes of oligouria
Renal tube dysfunction, end stage renal disease, edema, dehydration
40
Potential causes of anuria
Renal failure, Obstruction, Myocardial infarction
41
Increased H2O intake is termed?
Polydipsia
42
Urine specimen collection is most accurate at what time?
In the morning
43
What part of the stream is most concentrated?
Mid-stream
44
How long does urine break down at room temperature? refrigerated?
30 minutes | 4 hours
45
What type of urine sample is most common?
Random
46
With preservative, how long can urine last?
24 hours
47
What changes in urine quality when it breaks down?
``` It darkens Turbidity increases Odor increases pH increases glucose, ketones, nitritesm and urobilinogen decrease RBCs lyse WBC disintegrate ```
48
What test would be the appropriate follow up for presence of bence jones proteins?
Protein electrophoresis of the blood and urine
49
A red/dark brown color to urine suggests what?
Increased RBC hemoglobin, myoglobin in urine
50
A smokey red/pink urine suggests that it contains what?
blood
51
What vegetable can change color of urine?
Beets
52
Dark yellow urine suggests presence of what?
Bilirubin/Urobilinogen
53
A milky color of urine is due to what?
presence of lipids
54
If urine is turbid without crystal formation what might you suspect?
UTI
55
If urine is frothy, what might you suspect?
Proteinuria
56
The normal specific gravity of urine is what?
10.15-10.35
57
Specific gravity reflects what function of the kidneys?
The ability to concentrate
58
What is isosthenuria?
Fixation of a 1.010 specific gravity in urine
59
What does isosthenuria indicate?
Kidney failure
60
Elevated specific gravity of urine may be due to what?
Proteinuria, glycosuria, dehydration, decreased renal blood flow
61
Decreased specific gravity of urine may be due to what?
Overhydration, glomerulonephritis, pylonephritis, diabetes insipidus, renal failure
62
A foul/fishy odor of urine indicates what?
UTI
63
A fruity odor of urine indicates what?
Diabetes mellitus or Ketosis
64
A feculent smell of urine indicates what?
Fistula... alternatively, asparagus consumption
65
The acidity of urine may be altered during dysfunction of what?
kidneys or lung
66
Animal products and/or cranberry due what to the pH of urine?
Decrease it
67
Vegetables/citrus fruit do what to the pH of urine?
Increase it
68
Protein test for urine is sensitive to what?
Albumin
69
How is albumin content reported?
negative, trace, +1, +2, +3, +4
70
What structure typically prevents protein from entering the urine?
Glomerulus
71
What does proteinuria primarily indicate?
Renal disease
72
What can confirm a finding of albumin in the urine?
SSA test
73
What may also cause proteinuria?
strenuous exercis
74
Presence of bence jones proteins in urine suggest what?
Multiple myeloma
75
Multiple myeloma is classified as a disease of what?
Immunoglobulin light chain monoclonal disease
76
What test would be the appropriate follow up for presence of bence jones proteins?
Protein electrophoresis of the blood and urine
77
Glucose threshold for reabsorption is what?
140-180
78
Presence of ketones in the urine suggest metabolism of what?
Fat
79
What may cause ketones to be present in urine?
Fasting/starvation, low carb diet, fat as an energy source (DM)
80
Bilirubin is a byproduct of what?
Senescent RBC heme breakdown
81
What structure is bilirubin conjugated in?
The liver
82
Urobolinogen forms when conjugated bilirubin is processed by what?
Bacterial proteases in the gut
83
What is the normal value of urobilinogen in urine?
0.1-1.0mg/dl
84
Elevated urobilinogen and positive biliruben suggest what?
Liver disease
85
Positive bilirubin and absent urobilinogen suggest what?
An obstruction
86
Negative bilirubin and elevated urobilinogen suggests what?
Upper GI or Hemolytic disease

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