Urinalysis Flashcards
(31 cards)
What substances in excreted urine may signal a metabolic disturbance?
glucose, nitrite, ketones
What is an example of intrinsic renal condition?
acute kidney disease
chronic kidney disease
Name 3 important types of urine specimens?
- Random
- Catheter
- Midstream clean-catch
Name the 4 types of urinalysis orders?
- Dipstick UA
- Dipstick UA with micro
- Complete UA (includes micro)
- Complete UA with reflex urine culture
What are the 3 components of UA?
- Physical
- Chemical
- Microscopic
What are some examples of chemical components of UA?
- protein
- glucose
- ketone
- pH
- leukocyte esterase
- blood
- nitrite
- urobilinogen
- specific gravity
What are some microscopic components of a UA?
“formed elements”
- WBCs
- RBCc
- Epithelial cells (renal vs. epithelial)
- crystals
- oval fat bodies
- Microorganisms
What would turbid urine look like?
more turbid= more cloudy
What is reflexive testing?
Reflexive testing is when a microscopic examination of a urine sample is performed after a physical or chemical abnormality is found
When is a microscopic examination of urine sediment performed?
- Patient with renal disease
- Specifically ordered by clinician
- Reflexive testing: if physical or chemical abnormality is found
What can be identified with a microscopic examination of urine sediment?
- Cells
- Casts
- Crystals
What do squamous epithelial cells indicate in a UA?
contamination!
What conditions make it easy for casts to form?
- Low pH (acidic)
- High urinary salt concentration
- Concentrated urine
- Stasis (no flow)
What are urinary casts molds of?
lumen of the renal tubule
Where do urinary casts form?
- Distal convoluted tubule
- Collecting duct
What is the major protein of normal urine?
Tamm-Horsfalll glycoprotein.
-common matrix of casts
What is the function of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein?
-Major defense protein of urothelium against bacteria
Is Tamm-horsfall glycoprotein detected on reagent chemical strips?
No, because it is so heavily glycosylated.
Name the 7 common urinary casts?
- Hyaline
- WBC
- RBC
- Granular
- Renal tubular epithelial cell
- Waxy
- Broad
What disease process is suggested by waxy and/or broad casts?
chronic renal disease
What disease process is suggested by RBC, WBC, and or epithelial cell casts?
Acute kidney injury, nephritic syndrome
What pH level are you likely to see Uric acid, Amorphous urates, and calcium oxalate crystals?
Acidic (low pH)
What pH level are you likely to see Triple phosphates, ammonium biurate, calcium carbonate crystals?
Neutral or alkaline pH
What pH level are you most likely to see calcium phosphate or amorphous phosphates?
alkaline pH
