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Lab D > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Sampling procedures

A
  • Free catch sample
  • Catheterisation
  • Cystocentesis
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2
Q

Free catch sample - advantage and disadvantage

A 
Adv:
no restraint or sedation
no special equipment
done by owner
Disadv:
easily contaminated
not to be used for microbiological culturing
animal will not urinate if disturbed
impossible to do with cat using a litter box
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3
Q

Catheterisation - advantage and disadvantage

A

Adv:
less contaminated (not to be used for microbiological culturing)
additional info for diagnosing urethra obstruction
sample even in bladder is empty
can measure volume over a period of time
Disadv:
special equipment needed
small animal females & large animal males are difficult
danger of transferring bacteria
risk of traumatic injury
small bleeding = false + for blood in urine
sedation needed sometimes

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4
Q

Cystocentesis - advantage and disadvantage

A 
Adv:
sterile samples
not influenced by urethral or genital problems
safe, no sedation
Disadv:
rare but trauma can occur
minor bleeding
cats have vagal stimulation = transient SX
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5
Q

Why must urine samples from horses be filtered before analysis?

A

They contain mucous and crystals that can disturb the analysis

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6
Q

Urine is yellow because of?

A

Urobilins. Specifically d-/i-/l- urobilin.
Normally, should be clear and yellow to straw coloured.
Horses may have turbid urine.

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7
Q

Very light yellow or pale straw colour urine indicates?

A 
Low SG (specific gravity)
Polyuria/ Polydipsia in diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney failure
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8
Q

Deep yellow / orange urine indicates?

A 
Very concentrated
Oliguria, dehydrated, acute kidney failure
Jaundice = increased bilirubin content
Drug effects
Food sources
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9
Q

Dark yellow - greenish urine indicates?

A

Biliverdin
Stasis of urine due to blockage
Long storage

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10
Q

Red, yellow - reddish urine indicates?

A

Haemoglobinuria / haematuria

Food sources

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11
Q

Dark red brown, chocolate urine indicates?

A

Oxidized haemoglobin
Methaemoglobin present (babesiosis, paracetamol toxicosis)
Myoglobinuria (burns)

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12
Q

Blue urine indicates?

A 
Methylene blue (drugs, vitamins, food dyes)
Pyuria due to Pseudomonas spp. infection
Genetic disease in humans
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13
Q

Green urine indicates?

A 
Fod sources
Drug sources (propafol IV)
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14
Q

Cloudy or opaque urine indicates?

A 
Mucous
Proteinuria ( kidney failure, exercise)
Lipiduria
Pyruria
Crystals
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15
Q

Odour of urine

A

Varies among spp.
Stronger in male animals
In case of UTIs or retention = ammoniacal smell
Ketoacidosis = sweet, fruity, acetone like smell

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16
Q

Transparency of urine

A

Transparent in healthy animals (except Horses)

Opacity due to UTI, lipiduria or contamination from vaginal/preputial discharge

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17
Q

Specific Gravity of urine

A

Indicator of concentrating ability (tubular function) of kidneys

  • Ratio of the weight of the liquid to an equal volume of distilled water
  • Increases with increasing cc. of dissolved ions, glucose, proteins, lipids and contrast material
  • Measured by urinometer, refractometer or test strip
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18
Q

Urinometer measurement - adv. and disadv.

A 
Calibrated at room temp.
Adv:
most accurate
not influenced by opacity
Disadv: 
high amount of urine is needed (5-10ml / 30-50ml)
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19
Q

Refractometer measurement - adv. and disadv.

A 
Calibrated with distilled water.
Adv:
One droplet of urine
Disadv:
not reliable if sample is not transparent
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20
Q

Test strip measurement - adv. and disadv.

A

Not useful in animals, unreliable

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21
Q

Physiological range of SG

A

Dogs: 1.015 - 1.040
Cats: 1.035 - 1.060
Can vary due to water intake and hydration status
Measurement essential if there is polydipsia and polyuria

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22
Q

Hyposthenuria (evaluation of SG)

A 
SG < 1.008 (if persistent = pathologic)
Hyper-/hypoadrenocorticism
CDI - central diabetes insipidus
NDI - nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Renal tubular damage
PP - psychogenic polydipsia
Decrease in urea synthesis
Prolonged fluid therapy = medullary washout
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23
Q

Isosthenuria (evaluation of SG)

A

SG 1.008 - 1.012 (if persistent = pathologic)
Tubules cannot concentrate or dilute primary glomerular filtrate
Indicator of severe tubular damage
Medullary washout
CDI
NDI
PP
(A water deprivation test may be necessary)

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24
Q

Hypersthenuria (evaluation of SG)

Study These Flashcards
A 
SG > 1.012 (normal urine)
Pathologic when:
Decreased water intake
Water loss (vomit, panting, sweating, diarrhoea)
Acute kidney failure
25
Water deprivation test (WDT) goal
Assess concentrating ability of tubules, to differentiate between CDI, NDI and PP
26
WDT indications
Persistent PU / PD, more than 1 SG measurement classified as hyposthenuria
27
WDT contraindications
``` Severe endocrine disturbance (DM, Cushings, Addisons) Dehydration Uraemia Pregnancy UTI ```
28
WDT interpretation in case of PP, CDI and NDI
PP = SG > 1.025 CDI / NDI = SG < 1.010 1.010 - 1.020 values = equivocal / partial CDI
29
How to differentiate between CDI and NDI
Perform the DESMOPRESSIN TEST SG > 1.015 = CDI SG < 1.010 = NDI In between = medullary washout
30
Urine pH in herbivores, carnivores and in renal compensation
Herbivores pH 7 - 8.5 Carnivores pH 5.5 - 7.5 Renal compensation pH 4 -8.5
31
What affects urine pH?
Diet Recent feeding Bacterial infection Storage time
32
False low pH occurs when?
Due to contamination by acid from protein region of the test strip
33
False high pH occurs when?
Contamination due to detergents, bleach, disinfectants
34
Causes that DECREASE pH ( 7 POINTS )
``` Metabolic and Respiratory acidosis Vomiting Hypokalaemia Acidifying drugs Distal renal tubular acidosis Abomasal displacement Toxicosis of acidifying substances ```
35
Causes that INCREASE pH ( 6 POINTS )
Feeding in carnivores = slight metabolic alkalosis UTI Metabolic and respiratory alkalosis Proximal renal tubular alkalosis Overload of HCO3- or lactate containing infusion Long storage time
36
Measuring methods of Proteinuria (8 methods)
1) Test strips = colour change, blue to green 2) Sulphosalicylic acid test = coagulates proteins, high sensitivity, not specific and does not differentiate types and causes 3) Heller test = Gmelin test, shows protein content as an opaque zone above biliverdin and urine 4) Spectrophotometric 5) UPC , info on severity, normal < 0.5, proteinuria > 1 6) Evaluate albumin / globulins 7) Determine Bence-Jones proteins = monoclonal immunoglobulins 8) Microalbuniuria
37
Pre-renal Proteinuria causes
``` Benign proteinuria: Occurs in neonates <40 hours of age Exercise Hypo-/hyperthermia Stress Pathologic proteinuria: Increased protein catabolism Fever Seizures Increased BP Haemoglobinuria ```
38
Real Proteinuria (nephrogenic)
Plasma proteins leak into the urine When albumin is excreted = selective proteinuria When IgG appear in urine = non-selective proteinuria
39
Difference in protein content in Acute and Chronic renal failure
``` Acute = high (inflammation, cc. urine) Chronic = low (polyuria, diluted urine) ```
40
Pseudo Proteinuria
Proteins detected originate from lower urinary or genital tract Physiological after parturition Normal in horses Pathological in UTI, inflammation of testes/prostate, prostate/vaginal tumour
41
Pus in urine
Accumulation of neutrophil granulocytes, tissue cells and microbes Called PYURIA when in urine
42
How to evaluate pus in urine
Donne test
43
Causes of Pyuria (pus)
Normal in Eq = positive result Kidney pelvis inflammation Cystitis Inflammation of genital tract
44
Haematuria
Presence of blood | Intact RBCs in the urine
45
Hamoglobinuria and myoglobinuria
Presence of dissolved haemoglobin and myoglobin in urine
46
Benzidine test
Shows the presence of blood, haemoglobin or myoglobin High sensitivity Low specificity
47
Urine test strip
Speckled appearance = haematuria | Diffused colour = haemoglobinuria / myoglobinuria
48
Causes of haematuria (6)
UTI Trauma Genital tract injury, tumour or inflammation Infectious / non infectious inflame. process of UT Renal infarction Thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy
49
Causes of Haemoglobinuria (2)
Intravascular haemolysis | Long term stasis of blood in bladder
50
Causes of Myoglobinuria (5)
``` Muscle trauma Exercise Ischaemia Myositis Burns ```
51
Renal threshold of Glucose
Dogs - 10 mmol/l | Cats - 14-17 mmol/l
52
When can Glycosuria be detected?
Hyperglycaemia (duh) Renal tubular defects = decreased reabsorption capacity Tested with urine test strips
53
Ketonuria
Ketone bodies not present in urine normally Ruminants - screen for 1st and 2ndary ketosis Small animals - seen in DKA and starvation Use urine test strips
54
Nitrite
Urine test strips UTIs UNRELIABLE IN CARNIVORES, their urine contains no nitrates
55
Bilirubin and UBG
Conjugated bilirubin in healthy dog urine Other spp only appears during jaundice Urinary test strips or Gmelin test
56
Organic sediments found in Urine
1) Blood cells: normal < 5 / hpf, abnormal = haematuria 2) Cells from lower Urogenital tract : norm 0-2/hpf - Urothelium cells - Renal tubular cells - Squamous cells from penis or vagina 3) Viral inclusion bodies 4) Microbes 5) Mucin : fat droplets normal in cats 6) Casts
57
Inorganic sediment found in Urine
Struvite crystals | Calcium crystals
58
Different types of crystalluria (alkaline urine)
- Struvite: UTIs - Ca carbonate: hypercalcuria - Ca phosphate: hypercalcuria - Amorphous phosphate: meat and grain diet, cc urine - Ammonium ureate/biurate: hepatic function f****d, for eg. dalmatians
59
Different types of crystalluria (acidic urine)
- Ca oxalate: toxic plants consumption in cates - Uric acid: dalmatians - Cystine: liver failure - Bilirubin crystals: pre-/hepatic jaundice - Sulphonamiddes: therapy

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