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MLT 105 UBFL > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

(82 cards)

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1
Q

Who wrote a book on uroscopy? In what century?

A

Hippocrates, 5th century BCE

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2
Q

Who discovered albuminuria?

A

Frederik Dekker

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3
Q

Why are UA’s favored?

A

Urine is easy to collect & urine contains many info about the body’s metabolic functions

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4
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A

cortical

juxtamedullary

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5
Q

Which nephron is responsible for concentration of urine?

A

juxtamedullary

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6
Q

The cortical nephron is responsible for what?

A

85% of all nephrons

removal of waste products & reabsorption of nutrients

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7
Q

The functions of the nephrons are controlled by?

A

renal blood flow
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

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8
Q

What is the average daily urine output?

A

1200mL

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9
Q

What are the organic constituents of urine?

A

urea, creatinine, uric acid

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10
Q

What are the inorganic constituents of urine?

A

chloride, sodium, potassium, water

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11
Q

What is the normal range of urine output?

A

600-2000mL

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12
Q

What is the value for oliguria?

A

<400mL/day

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13
Q

What is the value for polyuria?

A

> 2.5L/day

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14
Q

Which diabetes has high specific gravity? Why?

A

diabetes mellitus

due to inc glucose content

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15
Q

Describe Diabetes insipidus…

A

dec ADH with low specific gravity

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16
Q

When is proteinuria clinically significant?

A

30mg/dL or 300mg/24hrs

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17
Q

What is the major serum protein found in urine?

A

albumin

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18
Q

What is prerenal proteinuria caused by?

A

conditions that affect plasma prior to it reaching the kidneys

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19
Q

What is the renal threshold for glucose?

A

160-180mg/dL

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20
Q

What is the temp urine should be refrigerated?

A

2-8 degrees Celsius

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21
Q

What are the type of urine specimen is the most commonly received?

A

random specimen

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22
Q

Which type of urine specimen is essential for preventing false-negative pregnancy tests?

A

first-morning

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23
Q

What is the most commonly requested test on a catheterized specimen?

A

bacterial culture

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24
Q

How is a midstream clean catch a better alternative to the catheterized specimen?

A

It is safer, less traumatic & less contaminated

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25
What is the term that describes urine collected by external introduction of a needle through the abdomen into the bladder & can also be used for cytologic examination?
suprapubic aspiration
26
What are the methods of collection for prostatitis?
3-glass | pre & post massage test
27
What is the amt of urine needed for drug testing?
35-45mL
28
What is the yellow color of urine caused by?
a pigment, urochrome
29
What other pigments are found in urine?
uroerythrin & urobilin
30
What is significant about urine samples that contain abnormal pigment bilirubin?
the urine may have yellow foam when the specimen is shook which also could be mistaken for phenazopyridine
31
What could fresh brown urine containing blood indicate?
the presence of methemoglobin and glomerular bleeding
32
What is different about urine specimen that has RBCs vs. hemoglobin?
urine + RBCs = red and cloudy | urine + Hgb = red and clear
33
How do you determine hemoglobinuria vs. myoglobinuria?
by examining the patient's plasma hemo - red plasma myo - doesn't change plasma color
34
What are medications that can cause brown/black urine?
levodopa methyldopa phenol derivatives metronidazole
35
Besides medication, what else causes black urine?
melanin | homogentisic acid
36
What produces a white precipitate in urine with alkaline pH?
amorphous phosphates & carbonates
37
What produces a pink brickish precipitate in urine with acidic pH?
amorphous urates due to uroerythrin
38
What is known as the density of a solution compared with the density of a similar volume of distilled water @ a similar temperature?
specific gravity
39
What is the purpose of determining specific gravity?
to determine the patient's hydration level
40
What are the specific gravity values for... isosthenuric hyposthenuric hypersthenuric
isosthenuric - 1.010 hyposthenuric - below 1.010 hypersthenuric - above 1.010
41
What does a refractometer do?
determines the concentration of dissolved particles in a specimen by measuring refractive index
42
In a refractometer, what determines the angle at which the light beam enters the prism?
the concentration of the specimen
43
What methods of obtaining specific gravity?
refractometer chemical reagent strips osmolality
44
The reagent strip reaction is based on the change in....
pKa
45
Where can abnormally high specific gravity values been seen in?
intravenous pyelogram | ppl receiving dextran (plasma expanders)
46
What is prerenal proteinuria?
protein in urine caused by plasma conditions not renal conditions
47
What is an example of inc serum protein levels?
bence jones proteins due to multiple myeloma
48
What is orthostatic proteinuria?
a persistent benign proteinuria in young adults
49
What is the most frequently performed chemical test analysis on urine?
glucose
50
What urine substance provides a rapid screening test for UTI?
nitrite
51
What is the third part of routine urinalysis? What does it detect?
microscopic examination, insoluble materials, least standardized & most time consuming (RBCs, WBCs, epithelial cells, casts, bacteria, yeast, parasites, mucus, spermatozoa, crystals and artifacts)
52
What type of ppl will always require a microscopic examination?
``` pregnant women pediatric geriatric immunocompromised renal patients ```
53
How do you get rid of crystals in urine?
put it to room temp (37 C)
54
Describe centrifugation...
5 minutes at RCF of 400 instead of RPM
55
What are the two methods to place your centrifuged sample on a slide?
Glass slide method (most common) | commercial systems
56
What is the most frequent stain used in urinalysis? What does it show?
sternheimer-malbin stain, (crystal violet) (sedi-stain, KOVA), shows WBCs, epithelial cells & casts
57
What does toluidine blue stain?
WBCs vs. renal tubular epithelial cells
58
What are the lipid stains?
Oil Red O & Sudan III
59
What do gram stains help you identify?
bacteria
60
What does Hansel stain help you identify?
transplant rejection (eosinophils)
61
What stain is used to identify iron?
Prussian blue
62
When do dysmorphic RBCs appear?
after strenuous exercise or glomerular bleeding
63
How do glitter cells form?
A WBC that swells in hypotonic urine
64
What is an increase in WBCs in urine?
pyuria
65
What are the three types of epithelia cells?
squamous transitional renal tubular epithelial (RTE)
66
What are the origins of the epithelial cells?
squamous- vagina, urethra transitional - bladder, renal pelvis, calyces, ureters, upper male urethra RTE- renal tubules
67
What is the significance of clue cells?
squamous cells with bacteria attached, shows gardnerella vaginalis infection
68
What RTE cells are the largest?
RTE cells from the PCT
69
What are Oval Fat bodies?
RTE cells with lipids
70
What determines cholesterol formation in cell?
using polarized light to view maltese cross formation
71
In severe infections, how does yeast appear?
mycelial (branched)
72
What is the most common parasite in urine?
trichomonas vaginalis
73
What is a major component of mucus & casts?
Tamm-Horsfall protein
74
What elements are unique to the kidney?
casts
75
What is the most frequently seen cast?
hyaline cast
76
What cast is seen with oval fat bodies?
fatty cast
77
What creates the graininess inside your granular casts?
lysosomes
78
What type of crystals are seen in gout?
uric acid
79
What crystal is shaped like a coffin lid?
triple phosphate
80
What crystal is shaped like a thorny apple?
ammonium biurate
81
What crystal are perfectly 6-sided?
cystine
82
What crystals are associated with liver disorders?
tyrosine leucine bilirubin

MLT 105 UBFL (2 decks)

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