Urinalysis Exam 2

Question 1

What is SSA used for?

Answer 1

To confirm protein in the urine

Question 2

Cells are recorded as what per powered field?

Answer 2

high

Question 3

Flat, hexagonal, colorless crystals are found in the urine, what constituent is suggested?

Answer 3

Cystine crystals

Question 4

What are some organisms whose urinary presence indicates contamination?

Answer 4

Parasites, trichomonas, yeast

Question 5

In relation to the refractive index, why is using phase contrast microscopy better?

Answer 5

The refractive index of casts and cellular components are similar to the refractive index of urine

Question 6

Approximately how many patients with multiple myeloma is Bence-Jones proteins seen in?

Answer 6

Approximately 50%

Question 7

What sugar, especially in infants, is most likely indicated by a negative dipstick reaction for glucose, but a positive Clinitest?

Answer 7

Galactose

Question 8

What are shadow cells?

Answer 8

Red blood cells that have lost their hemoglobin

Question 9

What is the normal range for urinary urobilinogen?

Answer 9

0.1 to 1 mg/dL

Question 10

2,4-dichlorbenzenediazonium tetrachlorozincate (aka diazotized 2,4-dichloroaniline) is the reagent for what test pad?

Answer 10

bilirubin

Question 11

What is the reagent used to detect bilirubin in the Ictotest?

Answer 11

2,4-dichlorobenzenediazonium tetrachlorozincate

Question 12

How does the pH of urine relate to it hydrogen ion concentration?

Answer 12

Inversely proportional

Question 13

How many fields should be examined in a microscopic exam?

Answer 13

10

Question 14

How does the Watson-Schwartz test differentiate between urobilinogen and porphobilinogen?

Answer 14

Urobilinogen is soluble and chloroform and butanol whereas porphobilinogen is soluble in the aqueous layer

Question 15

Which test is the most sensitive for bilirubin?

Answer 15

Ictotest

Question 16

What is the use of the polarizing microscope in urine microscopies?

Answer 16

Confirms the presence of lipids and crystals

Question 17

What does the test pad for ketone bodies detect?

Answer 17

Acetoacetic acid

Question 18

What is the general purpose of test strip screening?

Answer 18

give an indication of what further testing should be done to make or confirm a diagnosis

Question 19

When detecting reducing sugars in the urine what would be expected in the microscopic examination?

Answer 19

Nothing

Question 20

What type of casts maybe found in the urine of a normal pH?

Answer 20

Hyaline casts

Question 21

What is the appearance of the waxy casts?

Answer 21

Waxy, refractile, well-defined edges, and sharp, blunt, or uneven ends with cracks and/or fissures from their lateral margins; appear homogenous

Question 22

3,3’,5,5’-tetramethylbenzidine and hydrogen peroxide are the reagents for what test pad?

Answer 22

blood

Question 23

What is the principle of the automated instruments for dipstick reading?

Answer 23

Reflectance photometry

Question 24

Casts should be reported as the number per what power field?

Answer 24

Low powered field

Question 25

What substance is most likely to be present in urine in urine that could cause a false (=) negative reaction on the dipstick for glucose?

Answer 25

ascorbic acid or vitamin C

Question 26

What types of epithelial cells are indicative of vaginal contamination?

Answer 26

Squamous epithelial cells

Question 27

What is the order for the aging process of casts?

Answer 27

Cellular cast, coarse granular cast, fine granular cast, waxy cast

Question 28

What unusual urinary protein is associated with multiple myeloma?

Answer 28

Bence-Jones protein

Question 29

Ketone bodies in the urine are suggestive of elevated __ metabolism

Answer 29

fat

Question 30

What causes myoglobinuria?

Answer 30

extensive muscle injury

Question 31

In what type of diseases, in general, are red blood cell casts found?

Answer 31

Where the basement membrane of the glomerulus has been damaged

Question 32

What disease is indicated when tyrosine and leucine are found in the urine?

Answer 32

Severe liver disease

Question 33

Candida albicans, a yeast, is often found in the urine of patients with what?

Answer 33

Diabetes mellitus

Question 34

Sodium nitroprusside is the reagent for what test pad?

Answer 34

Ketones

Question 35

What test is used for detecting reducing sugars in the urine?

Answer 35

Clinitest

Question 36

Cast containing cells indicate problems in what part of the urinary tract?

Answer 36

Kidneys

Question 37

What specific type of epithelial cells are found in epithelial cells casts?

Answer 37

Renal tubular epithelial

Question 38

What two dipstick reactions are usually positive in pyelonephritis and cystitis?

Answer 38

Leukocytes and nitrites

Question 39

What is the principle of the dipstick method for protein referred to as?

Answer 39

Protein error of indicators principle

Question 40

tetrabromphenol blue is the reagent for what test pad?

Answer 40

protein

Question 41

How would you interpret a negative nitrites but a positive for bacteria?

Answer 41

The bacteria cannot convert nitrate to nitrite, urine hasn't been in the bladder long enough, no nitrate in the diet, so many bacteria that the nitrates are further reduced to nitrogen gas

Question 42

Casts in urine are usually accompanied by a positive test for what?

Answer 42

Protein

Question 43

How can I precipitate of amorphous phosphate be removed?

Answer 43

Diluting in acetic acid

Question 44

bromthymol blue and methyl red are the reagent for what test pad?

Answer 44

pH

Question 45

What is the active ingredient in Ehrlich's reagent?

Answer 45

Para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde

Question 46

What type of specimen is used to detect orthostatic proteinuria?

Answer 46

First morning specimen and after patient has been erect for a few hours

Question 47

What is the advantage of using phase contrast microscopy in the examination of urinary sediment?

Answer 47

Allows you to see unstained cellular components and casts easier

Question 48

Why do we use the refractometer for specific gravity rather than the dipstick?

Answer 48

Dipstick is not sensitive to non-ionic solutes such as glucose, urea, protein, or radiographic dye

Question 49

Why is there normally no glucose in the urine?

Answer 49

It is reabsorbed in the convoluted tubules

Question 50

Where are transitional epithelial cells found?

Answer 50

They line the renal calyces, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and 2/3 of the male urethra

Question 51

Casts which have at least two distinct components are called what?

Answer 51

Mixed casts

Question 52

What is the principle of the dipstick method for protein?

Answer 52

Tetrabromphenol blue buffered at a constant pH 3 without proteins is yellow, but in the presence of proteins, hydrogen ions are released by the indicator dye causing color changes ranging from yellow-green to blue-green

Question 53

Name several conditions that can cause hemoglobinuria

Answer 53

Any condition resulting in intravascular hemolysis; transfusion reactions, hemolytic anemia, extensive burns

Question 54

Can the multistix detect a negative urobilinogen?

Answer 54

No, the smallest amount that is detected is 0.2 mg/dL

Question 55

What temperature should urine for testing always be at?

Answer 55

Room temperature

Question 56

How can red blood cells and yeast be differentiated?

Answer 56

Red blood cells lyse in acetic acid and yeast does not

Question 57

glucose oxidase, gluconic acid, hydrogen peroxide, potassium iodide, and peroxidase are the regents for what test pad

Answer 57

glucose

Question 58

What objectives should be used for reporting casts?

Answer 58

10 X

Question 59

What specific portions of the nephron are casts formed?

Answer 59

In the lumen of distal and collecting tubules

Question 60

What should a technologist do prior to reporting out cystine crystals?

Answer 60

A chemical confirmation for cystine

Question 61

Para-dimethylaminobenaldehyde is the reagent for what test pad?

Answer 61

urobilinogen

Question 62

Calcium oxalate crystals are normally found in the urine of what pH?

Answer 62

Acidic pH

Question 63

What is the term for the presence of elevated numbers of casts in urine?

Answer 63

Cylindruria

Question 64

What color is a (+) nitrite on the dipstick?

Answer 64

pink

Question 65

Glitter cells are associated with the urine of what type of specific gravity?

Answer 65

Low specific gravity

Question 66

Glucose in the urine is referred to as what?

Answer 66

Glucosuria and glycosuria

Question 67

What would be the appearance of red blood cells in hypertonic urine?

Answer 67

Small and crenated

Question 68

What is ketonuria?

Answer 68

Ketones in the urine

Question 69

What is the action of the enzyme peroxidase?

Answer 69

Pseudoperoxidase activity; catalyzes the oxidation reaction of the reagent 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine, a chromogen, by the O2 release from peroxide

Question 70

What objective is used to record cells?

Answer 70

The 40-45x

Question 71

What does a reagent strip for hemoglobin detect?

Answer 71

Hemoglobin, myoglobin, and intact red blood cells

Question 72

What is the significance of the shape and size of a cast?

Answer 72

Shape and size aide in the identification

Question 73

1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzoquinoline-3-ol para-arsanilic acid is the reagent for what test pad

Answer 73

nitrite

Question 74

The two different forms of blood in the urine are described as?

Answer 74

Hematuria and hemoglobinuria

Question 75

What are several conditions that could be indicated by an elevated urinary urobilinogen?

Answer 75

Liver disease, hemolytic states, hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemolytic anemia, pernicious anemia

Question 76

What happens if you dipped the reagent strip too much?

Answer 76

Can cause leaching or run over of reagent

Question 77

What reagent is used to differentiate urinary hemoglobin and myoglobin?

Answer 77

Ammonium sulfate, hemoglobin is precipitated out by this

Question 78

Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by what?

Answer 78

Proteinuria and lipiduria

Question 79

What is the most common type of white blood cell found in urinary sediment?

Answer 79

Neutrophil

Question 80

Which white blood cell is most likely to be found and a transplant rejection?

Answer 80

Lymphocytes

Question 81

What is specificity (as related to dipstick reactions)?

Answer 81

Each test zone reacts specifically to the substance being tested and to no other

Question 82

How can a precipitate of amorphous urates be removed?

Answer 82

Dissolving in an alkali or heated to about 60°C using warm saline

Question 83

Amorphous phosphates are found in urine of what pH?

Answer 83

Alkaline

Question 84

When would you suspect orthostatic proteinuria?

Answer 84

It is most often seen in children and adolescents

Question 85

What condition is indicated by large numbers of uric acid crystals?

Answer 85

Gout