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Urinalysis final exam Flashcards

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1
Q

name 4 reasons amniotic fluid is collected during pregnancy.

A
  • genetic disorders
  • assess fetal pulmonary maturity
  • pedicting hemolytic disease
  • sex determination
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2
Q

If an amniotic fluid is collected early in pregnancy, it is most likely being collected to determine what?

A

genetic and congenital disorders

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3
Q

What is the definition of oligohydraminos?

A

abnormally decreased amounts of amniotic fluid

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4
Q

What would be the reason for protecting amniotic fluid from light?

A

to protect bili from light

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5
Q

When present in amniotic fluid, fetal cells are adversely affected by what?

A

refrigeration

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6
Q

Physical examination of amniotic fluid (i.e. color, turbidity)

A
  • Normal-colorless *Early- little particulate matter
  • bilirubin-yellow or amber *later stage more particulate
  • meconium-green
  • blood-pinkish
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7
Q

4 tests done to evaluate the surfactants present to the fetal pulmonary system.

A
  • L/S
  • phosphatidylglycerol (PG)
  • Foam stability index (FSI)
  • mircroviscocity
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8
Q

Fetal lung maturity comparing L/S and PG determiniation what would indicate lung maturity?

A

L/S >2 affected by blood and meconium

PG present- not affected by blood and meconium

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9
Q

3 biochemical tests used to evaluate the secretory function of the prostate?

A

Zinc, citric acid and acid phosphates

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10
Q

biochemical test that positively identifies seminal fluid and is useful in cases of sexual assult?

A

acid phosphate can positively identify a fluid as seminal fluid

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11
Q

4 reasons semen analysis is ordered?

A
  • evaluate fertility
  • follow-up vasectomy
  • quality for donation
  • forensic applications
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12
Q

which structures contribute secretions to seminal fluid?

A
  • seminal fluid
  • prostate gland
  • testies
  • epididimas
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13
Q

What is a normal seminal fluid concentration?

A

20-250 million/ml

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14
Q

Is normal seminal fluid concentration constant in an individual?

A

no

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15
Q

what factors might influence seminal fluid concentration?

A

abstinence, viral infections and stress

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16
Q

Is concentration of seminal fluid the most important factor in determining infertility?

A

actual # is not important for fertility purposes

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17
Q

What percentage of sperm with normal morphology is considered normal or acceptable?

A

50%

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18
Q

How is sperm morphology determined?

A

smears of fresh semen

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19
Q

What parameter of a semen analysis is directly related to and provides a check of the motility evaluation and how?

A

viability

*distinguishes between dead and non-motile

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20
Q

What is the normal pH of seminal fluid?

A

7.2-7.8

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21
Q

What might a pH of < 7.2 in seminal fluid indicate?

A

abnormality of the epididymis, vas defernes, or seminal vesicles

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22
Q

What might a pH of > 7.8 in seminal fluid indicate?

A

indication of infection in the male reproductive track

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23
Q

What is the primary function of seminal fluid?

A

transports spermatozoa

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24
Q

Requirements for the collection of a specimen for semen analysis.

A
  • abstinence 2 days
  • recieved within an hour
  • collect through masterbation in a sterile cup
  • 2 specimens in a 3 month period 7 days apart
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25
What is the normal length (mins) for a semen to liquefy?
30 mins
26
After semen liquefies the viscosity closely resembles that of what other fluid?..
water
27
What would be considered abnormal liquefaction of semen?
*takes longer than 60 mins
28
motility should be evaluated within how many mins following collection?
60 mins
29
color, clarity, viscosity, and clot formation of normal synovial fluid.
color: pale yellow-colorless clarity: clear viscosity; very viscous due to protein clot formation: no clots
30
Is fibrinogen a normal constituent of normal synovial fluid?
no, its due to damage to synovial membrane or blood from traumatic tap
31
Does hyaluronate affect the turbidity of a synovial fluid specimen?
no
32
Things that may cause synovial fluid to be turbid in appearance.
WBC's RBC's fat droplets cellular debris
33
What should a synovial fluid be examined ASAP?
crystals can break down or WBCS can Phagocytize crystals
34
Which component of synovial fluid if present might be adversely affected by a delay in examination?
Crystals
35
For microscopic purposes synovial fluid should be placed in a tube containing what anticoagulant?
Sodium heparin
36
Why should other anticoagulants be avoided for synovial fluid microscopic examination?
to avoid artifacts
37
What should synovial fluid be diluted with should it need to be for microscopic examination?
0.85% saline
38
A joint disease process is indicated by what?
neutrophils > 25%
39
What type of microscopy differentiates synovial fluid crystals based on their birefringence? How?
* compensated polar microscopy * differentiation of + and - birefringence substances based on different colors produced when crystals are parallel and perpendicular to its axis(yellow or blue)
40
Indicators of a synovial fluid being classified as septic?
* greater than 40 mg/dL plasma/ synovial glucose difference increases * yellow-green * low viscoscity * high WBC count * cloudy
41
Which crystal is usually seen in patient with gout?
monosodium urates (MSU)
42
Are monosodium urate, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate, and cholesterol crystals all birefringent?
.yes
43
Which analytes are present in synovial fluid at concentrations equal to blood plasma levels?
glucose and uric acid
44
If a bloody CSF fluid is recieved in the lab, what are some steps to take to determine if it is a traumatic tap or the patient has actually had a hemorrhage?
clear after centrifuge=traumatic tap | xanthochromic supernatant after centrifuge (yellow)=hemorrhage
45
xanthochromia
yellow discoloration | subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrahage
46
Does fibrinogen NORMALLY pass through the blood-brain barrier?
no
47
first tube collected in lumbar puncture procedure should be used for what type of testing?
chemical and immunologic testing
48
a predominance of lymphocytes within CSF indicates which type of meningitis?
viral
49
Normal ranges for glucose and protein in a normal CSF?
glucose: 50-80 mg/Dl protein: 15-45 mg/Dl
50
CSF decreased glucose and incresed protein indicate what?
meningitis
51
the amount of glucose in CSF is approximately_______% or ________ of the plasma concentration.
60-70% | 2/3
52
pleocytosis as related to CSF?
increase in # of cells
53
Does an increased number of leukocytes within CSF cause xanthochromia?
no
54
An uneven distribution of blood in the CSF collection tubes most likely indicates what?
traumatic tap
55
Normal CSF WBC cell counts for adults
0-5 cells/ microliter
56
Normal CSF WBC cell counts for children
0-10cells/ microliter
57
Normal CSF WBC cell counts for newborns
up to 30 cells/microliter
58
In adult CSF cell counts what 2 cell types are considered normal if seen in the fluid?
lymphs and monos
59
a predominance of neutrophils within CSF indicates what type of meningitis?
bacteral
60
What is normal range for lactate in CSF?
10-22 mg/Dl
61
Normal lactate levels are often found in patients with what type of meningitis?
viral
62
What procedure frequently provides a rapid presumptive diagnosis of bacterial meningitis?
microscopic exam
63
What do the 3 zones mean?
1. normal hemolysis 2. moderate hemolysis 3. severe hemolysis
64
testing fructose in seminal fluid reflects the secretory function of the ______ ______ as well as the functional integrity of the ______ _______ and _______ _______.
* seminal vesicles * ejaculatory ducts * vas deferens
65
Transudates
* non-inflammatory * decrease that causes either an increase in hydrostatic pressure or a decrease in the plasma oncotic pressure in the membrane capillaries
66
Transudates clarity, does it clot, luekocyte count and SG
* clear * No clots * < 1000 Leukocytes(pleural) * <1.015
67
Exudates
* inflammatory | * increase capillary permeability in the membrane or decrease the absorption of the fluid by the lymphatic system.
68
Exudates clarity, does it clot, luekocyte count and SG
* cloudy * >1000 cells (pleural) * >500 cells (peritoneal) * SG >1.015

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