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Clin path exam 3 > Urinanalysis > Flashcards

Urinanalysis Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

Normal pH for carnivores

A

5.5-7.5

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2
Q

Normal pH for herbivores

A

7-8.5

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3
Q

Where in the renal tubule is glucose normally resorbed?

A

Proximal renal tubules

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4
Q

T/F: Glucose is normal in urine

A

True

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5
Q

Three types of ketones

A

Acetone*
Acetoacetate**
B-hydroxybutyrate

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6
Q

What effect does sperm have on urine protein?

A

Positive protein reaction

Positive blood reaction

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7
Q

Normal canine specific gravity

A

> 1.030

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8
Q

Normal feline specific gravity

A

> 1.040

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9
Q

Normal large animal specific gravity

A

> 1.025

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10
Q

Hyposthenuria

A

Kidney can DILUTE but cannot concentrate

*Unresponsive to ADH

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11
Q

What part of the nephron still is functional with hyposthenuria?

A

Proximal renal tubule and loop of henle

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12
Q

Isosthenuria

A

Kidney cannot concentrate OR dilute urine

USG 1.008-1.012

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13
Q

Types of epithelial cells seen in urine

A

Squamous
Transitional
Caudate
Renal tubular epithelium

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14
Q

Where do squamous epithelial cells originate from?

A

Distal urethra

Vagina/prepuce

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15
Q

Where do transitional epithelial cells originate from?

A

Urinary bladder

Proximal urethra

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16
Q

Where do caudate epithelial cells originate from?

A

Renal pelvis
**Not normal to see in urine
(Looks like tadpoles)

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17
Q

Where do renal tubular epithelial cells originate from?

A

Renal parenchyma

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18
Q

What does it indicate if renal tubular epithelial cells are seen?

A

Renal damage or inflammation

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19
Q

What types of casts are normal in low numbers?

A

Granular

Hyaline

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20
Q

Epithelial (cellular) casts

A

Nephritis

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21
Q

Granular casts

A

Renal tubular damage

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22
Q

Waxy casts

A

Chronic tubular lesion/disease

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23
Q

Order of cast formation

A

Cellular
Coarsely granular
Finely granular
Waxy

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24
Q

Fatty casts

A

Fatty degeneration of epithelial cells
Cats
Hyperlipidemia

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25
Hemoglobin casts
Intravascular hemolysis
26
What type of crystal is normal to be seen in horse, rabbit, guinea pig, elephant?
Calcium carbonate
27
What type of crystal can be an artifact formed with refrigerated samples?
Magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP, struvite)
28
Urates seen in what predisposed breeds?
Dalmation | English bulldog
29
Uric acid
Avian urine
30
Two forms of Calcium oxalate
Dihydrate | Monohydrate
31
Calcium oxalate dihydrate seen in urine means what?
Normal
32
Calcium oxalate monohydrate seen in urine means what?
Ethylene glycol posioning
33
Ammonium biurate
Sever hepatic disease (shunt, sago palm)
34
Bilirubin crystals
Normal in low numbers Always significant in cats Extavascular hemolysis Liver disease
35
Cystine crystals
Look for urolith! | I cant C U - cystine, urate
36
Sulfa crystals
Patients administered sulfa-containing drugs
37
Other things that can be seen in urine
Bacteria Blood Lipid droplets Fungal organisms (Aspergillosis) Yeast (Candida, indwelling catheters) Parasites (Trichuris, Pearsonema, Dioctophyma) Neoplasia (Atypical transitional epithelium)
38
Clinical signs of renal disease
``` Nonspecific signs Vomiting, dehydration Halitosis, oral ulcerations Palpable abnormalities Changes in water intake, urination ```
39
When can PU/PD be seen?
Acute/progressive phases of chronic disease | Recovery phase of acute kidney injury
40
Ways to become PU/PD
``` Osmotic diuresis/medullary washout Decreased ADH ADH resistance Iatrogenic (diuretics, steriods, anticonvulsant) Psychogenic ```
41
Medullary washout
Chronic PU/PD | Liver failure
42
Causes of osmotic diuresis
Chronic renal disease Diabetes mellitus Fanconi syndrome Post-ostructive disease
43
Causes of decreased ADH secretion
Central diabetes insipidus | Damage to pituitary
44
ADH resistance
Common cause of PU/PD | Secondary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
45
Anemia with chronic renal disease caused by what?
Decreased EPO production
46
What are BUN and creatinine markers for?
Glomerular filtration rate
47
Azotemia
Increased BUN and/or creatinine (due to decreased GFR)
48
Uremia
Clinical signs of azotemia
49
What can cause increased BUN?
Decreased GFR High protein diet Hemorrhage (GI) Increased protein catabolism
50
Types of Azotemia
Pre-renal Renal Post renal (Obstruction, extra-renal)
51
Pre-renal azotemia
Dehydration, shock
52
Renal azotemia
75% renal mass lost
53
Post-renal azotemia
Obstruction Leakage of urine into abdomial cavity Hypovolemia (endotoxins, decreased medullary hypertonicity, electrolyte abnormalities, endocrine disorders)
54
Signs of Renal disease without azotemia
Proteinuria Glucosuria withouth hyperglycemia Casts Reduced ability to concentrate in dehydrated animal
55
Cause of decreased BUN
Hepatic failure/shunt
56
Increased serum creatinine
Decreased GFR Same diseases as BUN Not typically GI or hemorrhage Severe muscle damage
57
Decreased serum creatinine
Significant loss of muscle mass | Pregnancy
58
Creatinine in abdominal fluid
uroabdomen
59
Urinary biomarkers
``` SDMA Cystatin C FGF-23 NGAL Immunoglobulins ETC ```
60
Hyperkalemia
Anuric or oliguric renal failure (decreased excretion)
61
Hypokalemia
Polyuric renal failure (loss)
62
Pre-renal elevation of sodium
Dehydration
63
Renal decreased sodium
Chronic renal failure
64
High K, low Na
Uroabdomen
65
Low K, low Na
Chronic kidney disease
66
Two types of metabolic acidosis
Loss of bicarb (kidneys conserve Cl) | Build up of acids (kidneys do NOT conserve Cl)
67
Causes of loss of chloride (without loss of sodium)
GI: loss of chloride rich fluid (vomiting), sequestration (displaced abomasum, GDV) Renal: renal disease Cutaneous: sweating (horses)
68
Causes of hyperphosphatemia
Renal disease (decreased P excretion)
69
Why is control of hyperphosphatemia important?
Causes secondary hyperparathyroidism -> bone resorption and renal mineralization ( wants to elevate Ca and dump P) Renal damage Oral phosphate binders
70
Hypercalcemia
Usually in horses with renal dz
71
Cattle in renal failure have elevated _____
fibrinogen
72
Dogs in renal failure have elevated ____ and ____
amylase, lipase
73
Animals with chronic kidney disease are usually
anemic and polyuric
74
Animals with acute kidney injury are
anuric, oliguric
75
Urine protein : creatinine ratio
Can diagnose PLN
76
Urine fractional excretion used to determine what?
Renal clearance of various substances
77
Water deprivation test
Not usually used | Tests ability of kidneys to concentrate urine

Clin path exam 3 (6 decks)

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