Urinary

Question 1

Which animals have a multilobar kidney?

Answer 1

Cow
Pig
Marine mammals

Question 2

Which animals have a unilobar kidney?

Answer 2

Carnivores
Small ruminants
Horses

Question 3

How much of cardiac output, body’s o2 needs go to the kidneys?

Answer 3

25% of CO
10% of body O2

Question 4

What are the roles of the kidneys?

Answer 4

-Regulation of electrolytes
-conservation of water
-Acid-base regulation
-excretion of waste
-endocrine roles (EPO)

Question 5

What should the normal cortex : medulla ratio be?

Answer 5

2:1 / 3:1

Question 6

On a radiograph which kidney is more cranial + can be hidden behind the gastrointestinal tract?

Answer 6

Right Kidney

Question 7

If nephrons are lost what happens to the tubules?

Answer 7

Compensatory hypertrophy - but limited capacity
If exceeded = renal failure

Question 8

What are the 4 different types of congenital/ inherited diseases of the urinary system?

Answer 8

1.Ectopic - in abnormal location (fused horse-shoe kidneys can be fully
functional)
2.Dysplasia - other kidney = compensatory hypertrophy
3.Familial renal disease = chronic renal failure in <2y/o dogs
4. Cystic renal disease = polycystic kidneys - persian cats/bull terriers

Question 9

What can induce dysplasia?

Answer 9

viral infections in utero - canine herpes virus, feline panleukopenia, BVD

Question 10

How does polycystic kidneys cause damage?

Answer 10

blocked tubules = filtrate build-up = pressure = atrophy of renal tissue

Question 11

What are the 3 types of circulatory diseases?

Answer 11

1.Haemorrhage - trauma, septicaemia, DIC
2.Infarction - 2* to vascular occlusion by embolus
3.Cortical ischaemia - i). Acute tubular necrosis
ii). Renal cortical necrosis

Question 12

What are examples of traumatic injuries?

Answer 12

RTA
Dog bite trauma - cat kidney attacked

Question 13

What does the kidney look like grossly with infarction?

Answer 13

wedge shaped pale tan sunken tissue

Question 14

What does haemoglobin/myoglobin in the filtrate cause?

Answer 14

Acute tubular necrosis - causes copper toxicity in sheep

Question 15

What are the degenerative diseases of the urinary system? (3)

Answer 15

1.Amyloidosis
2.Hydronephrosis - due to partially obstructed blood flow
3.Hypercalcaemic nephropathy - 2* to hypercalcaemia

Question 16

What does histology of amyloidosis look like?
What stain picks up amyloid?

Answer 16

loss of structure + flattened (pressure)
high protein due to beta-pleated sheets of amyloid
Congo red stain

Question 17

Causes of hydronephrosis?

Answer 17

Congenital ureteral anomalies
Calculi
lower urinary tract inflammation
Neoplasia
bladder paralysis

Question 18

What are the causes of hypercalcaemic nephropathy?

Answer 18

Paraneoplastic syndrome
hypervitaminosis D
increased PTH
hypoadrenocorticism
osteolysis
CRF

Question 19

What stain picks up Ca2+?

Answer 19

Von kossa

Question 20

What are the 3 infectious/inflammatory urinary tract diseases?

Answer 20

1.Glomerulonephritis - immune mediated damage(hypersensititvity iii)
2.Tubulointerstitial nephritis
3.Pyelonephritis

Question 21

What causes the different types of tubulointerstitial nephritis?

Answer 21

-Suppurative interstitial nephritis - E.coli - (‘white spot kidney’ - cattle)
-Granulomatous interstitial nephritis - FIP (cats), Mycobacteria (cattle)

Question 22

What is the Parasite that affect the urinary system?

Answer 22

Toxocara Canis - larvae = granulomatous nephritis

Question 23

Why are kidneys prone to toxic injury?

Answer 23

high exposure and sensitivity

Question 24

What are examples of toxins that affect the kidneys?

Answer 24

*Oxalates - ethylene glycol poisoning
*Mycotoxins
*Heavy metals (Hg, Pb, arsenic)
*Antibiotics (aminoglycosides, monesin, tetracyclines)
*Endogenous pigments (haemoglobin, myoglobin)
*Enterotoxaemia - C. Perfringes
*grapes/raisins in dogs

Question 25

What do the kidneys look like in ethylene glycol poisoning?

Answer 25

Red + swollen

Question 26

What sheep are more prone to pulpy kidneys disease?

Answer 26

aged 3-10weeks with sudden change in diet

Question 27

What toxin causes pulpy kidney disease?

Answer 27

Clostridium Perfringens type D Epsilon toxin

Question 28

What does pulpy kidney look like?

Answer 28

Soft + mushy mutifocal to coalescing

Question 29

What does epsilon toxin cause?

Answer 29

*decreased intestinal motility *allows uptake to circulation via portal capillaries *damage to epithelium = oedema + haemorrhage *damage to kidney tubular epithelium = ATN

Question 30

What is the congenital disease of the lower urinary tract (LUT)?

Answer 30

Ectopic ureters => chronic urinary incompetence => Ureters to urethra - bypass bladder = no storage

Question 31

What are the circulatory diseases of the LUT? +what are the causes?

Answer 31

a). Haemorrhage - from trauma, septicaemia, viraemia b). Infarction - from torsion / prolapse

Question 32

What are the degenerative diseases of the LUT?

Answer 32

a). Hydroureter/Hydrourethra b). Acquired anatomic variations of the bladder c). Urolithiasis - kidney stones

Question 33

What causes hydroureter/ hydrourethra?

Answer 33

secondary to partial obstruction + build up of pressure Hydronephrosis = complete obstruction + anuria

Question 34

What are the 3 different acquired anatomic variations of bladder?

Answer 34

*Displacement *dilation *rupture

Question 35

What causes displacement of bladder?

Answer 35

*abdominal masses *pregnancy

Question 36

What causes dilation of the bladder?

Answer 36

obstruction - can cause loss of muscle tone => 2* bacterial cystitis

Question 37

What causes rupture of the bladder?

Answer 37

*Dilation *Trauma = RTA (Dog + Cat) = 2* to obstruction - urolithiasis (ruminants) = Foals = at parturition, rupture of urachus/ 2* to umbilical abscessation

Question 38

What does urine in the body cavity cause?

Answer 38

Irritant = peritonitis + thickened + reddened omentum

Question 39

What can urolithiasis (kidney stones) lead to?

Answer 39

*partial / complete obstruction *pressure necrosis/ulceration *acute haemorrhagic inflammation with bacterial overgrowth. *possible rupture of bladder / urethra

Question 40

What are the different content/minerals of kidney stones?

Answer 40

*Struvite = most common *Calcium Carbonate *Silicate *Oxalate *Urate/cystine

Question 41

What are the predisposing factors of kidney stones?

Answer 41

Heredity Diet pH Sex Species - cats more likely

Question 42

What are the common sites of urolithiasis?

Answer 42

Renal pelvis = v painful ureteral cystic urethral = most common

Question 43

What is the LUT inflammatory disease?

Answer 43

Cystitis = acute = catarrhal, haemorrhagic, necrotic = Chronic = polypoid, follicular, metaplastic

Question 44

What are the predisposing factors of cystitis?

Answer 44

urine stasis incomplete voiding trauma glucosuria dilute urine / increased pH short urethra

Question 45

What are the protective factors from cystitis?

Answer 45

frequent voiding effective urethral sphincters low pH, high osmolarity secretory IgA + mucin

Question 46

What are the predisposing factors of Feline Urologic Syndrome?

Answer 46

neutered males dry diets alkaline urine (struvite) long intervals between urination

Question 47

What bacterial agent can cause cystitis?

Answer 47

E. coli streptococcus staphylococcus

Question 48

What toxic infection can cause damage to the LUT?

Answer 48

Enzootic haematuria - cattle - bracken associated toxins

Question 49

What damage do these toxins cause to the animal? - bracken

Answer 49

epithelial hyperplasia/metaplasia + haemorrhagic cystitis chronic squamous metaplasia=>dysplasia=>benign=> malignant haematuria => tumours ulcerate + bleed into lumen chronic weight loss sheep = blindness

Question 50

What is needed for proper renal function?

Answer 50

1.Adequate blood flow 2. Sufficient functioning nephrons 3. unimpaired drainage/ expulsion of continuous urinary output

Question 51

What are the 3 types of renal failure + causes?

Answer 51

1.Pre-renal failure = inadequate blood flow (haemorrhage, shock, cardiac failure, trauma) 2.Intrinsic renal failure = inflammatory, toxic, neoplasia, fibrosis, congenital defects 3.Post-renal = LUT obstruction, inflamed bladder, dysfunction, bladder rupture

Question 52

How much renal capacity can you lose without failure, when does the kidneys become insufficient/failure?

Answer 52

Can lose up to 50% of capacity insufficient when 50-70% loss Failure when over 70% of kidneys lost But there is compensatory hypertrophy but this has a capacity

Question 53

What is acute renal failure? causes?

Answer 53

Sudden loss of 70-100% of kidneys - ischaemia, toxins, obstructions rapidly progressive but reversible

Question 54

What is chronic renal failure?

Answer 54

gradual loss of renal capacity - irreversible looks shrunken, fibrosis, scarring

Question 55

What is the effect of chronic renal failure?

Answer 55

*build up of metabolic waste *failure of acid base regulation *failure of fluid volume regulation *electrolyte + endocrine disturbances

Question 56

What are the reasons for death following chronic renal failure?

Answer 56

*dehydration *acidosis *hyperkalaemia *hypocalcaemia *pulmonary oedema

Question 57

What is uraemia and what are the clinical signs?

Answer 57

uraemia = urea in blood = toxic signs = PUPD, pale pink MM, anorexia, lethargy, weakness, muscle wasting, hypothermia, mouth ulcers, vomiting, melaena, non-regenerative anaemia, renal pain, ataxia, coma

Question 58

What are the secondary pathological lesions?