Urinary Flashcards

(32 cards)

1
Q

what is excretion?

A

separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them

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2
Q

how does the respiratory system carry out excretion?

A

CO2, small amounts of other gases, and water

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3
Q

how does the integumentary system carry out excretion?

A

water, inorganic salts, lactic acid, urea in sweat

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4
Q

how does the digestive system carry out excretion?

A

water, salts, CO2, lipids, bile pigments, cholesterol and other metabolic waste

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5
Q

how does the urinary system carry out excretion?

A

many metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones, salts, H+, and water

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6
Q

what is metabolic waste?

A

waste produced by the body

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7
Q

how is urea formed?

A

proteins -> amino acids -> NH2 removed -> forms ammonia (NH3)
then the liver converts NH3 to urea

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8
Q

what is uric acid?

A

product of nucleic acid catabolism

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9
Q

what is creatinine?

A

produce of creatine phosphate catabolism.

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10
Q

what does glomerular filtration make?

A

creates plasmalike filtrate of blood

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11
Q

what is tubular reabsorption?

A

removes useful solutes from filtrates and returns them to the blood

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12
Q

what is tubular secretion?

A

removes waste from blood and adds them to filtrate

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13
Q

how does water conservation occur?

A

the renal tubule removes water from the urine and returns it to the blood.

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14
Q

what are the three barriers to fluid movement?

A

endothelial cell of glomerular capillary, basement membrane, and filtration slit.

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15
Q

what are the forces in glomerular filtration?

A

blood hydrostatic pressure, colloid osmotic pressure, and capsular pressure.

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16
Q

how is the glomerular filtration rate controlled?

A

by homeostatic mechanisms: renal autoregulation, sympathetic control, and hormonal control.

17
Q

how does the kidney autoregulate?

A

by myogenic mechanisms (smooth muscles), and tubuloglomerular feedback

18
Q

what does the PCT do?

A

reabsorbs ~65% of the glomerular filtrate

19
Q

when is the transport maximum reached?

A

when the transporters are saturated

20
Q

what is tubular secretion important for?

A

acid-base balance, waste removal, and clearance of drugs and contaminants

21
Q

which hormones are the DCT and collecting duct regulated by?

A

aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide, antidiuretic hormone.

22
Q

what is renal clearance?

A

volume of blood plasma from which a particular waste is completely removed in 1 min.

23
Q

what is osmoregulation?

A

maintenance of nearly constant osmotic pressure in the body

24
Q

what is isotonic?

A

two solutions with the same osmotic pressure

25
what is hyperosmotic?
one solution has greater osmotic pressure than another
26
what is hyposmotic?
one solution has lower osmotic pressure than another
27
how does water move through the body?
digestive tract -> bloodstream -> tissues -> lymph nodes -> bloodstream
28
what do osmoreceptors respond to?
rising osmolarity of the ECF, reduced blood pressure, and angiotensin II.
29
what is aldosterone?
makes the kidney retain salt (comes from adrenal cortex)
30
what does ADH respond to?
dehydration, loss of blood volume, and rising blood osmolarity.
31
what is hypovolemia?
volume depletion of water and sodium but osmolarity remains normal
32
which hormones regulate sodium?
aldosterone and ADH