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Pathology Urinary and Reproductive > Urinary > Flashcards

Urinary Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Do urinary procedures need CM?

A

Yes, typically.

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2
Q

What does VCUG stand for

A

Voiding cystourethrogram

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3
Q

What is a high BUN indicative of

A

Kidneys may not be working well

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4
Q

What is a high creatinine indicative of

A

kidney not filtering well

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5
Q

What is a low eGFR indicative of

A

loss of kidney function

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6
Q

Ectopic kidney

A

Abnormally positioned kidney

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7
Q

Are ectopic kidneys functional

A

usually yes

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8
Q

Horseshoe kidney

A

Both poles are mal-rotated and joined resembling a horseshoe

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9
Q

Duplication/Duplex collecting system

A

anomaly where multiple collecting systems form. Bifid: 2 collecting systems to one renal pelvis and ureter
complete double pelvis/duplex: 2 renal pelvis and ureters per kidney

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10
Q

What does VUR stand for

A

Vesicoureteral Reflux

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11
Q

What is Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)

A

An abnormal flow or urine from the bladder back into ureters DUE to failure of the vesico-urethral valve

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12
Q

Is VUR typically in adults or children

A

Usually a congenital condition in children

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13
Q

Is VUR congenital or traumatic

A

Typically congenital but can be from nerve damage or urethral blockage

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14
Q

What is a common complication of VUR

A

UTI

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15
Q

Ureterocele

A

Stenosis of distal ureter…leads to prolapsed bladder

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16
Q

How will Uretocele affect the bladder

A

It will prolapse and subsequently become abnormally dilated

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17
Q

What does Uretocele commonly lead to

A

hydronephrosis

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18
Q

What is something to look for radiographically for Uretocele

A

Cobra Head sign

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19
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidney (acute or chronic)

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20
Q

What is often the cause of Pyelonephritis

A

Urinary tract obstruction

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21
Q

Pyuria

A

Pus in urine

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22
Q

What can happen with unresolved Pyelonephritis when a patient is diabetic

A

May become emphysematous pyelonephritis which is a necrotizing infection that can permanently damage or destroy a kidney

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23
Q

How does pyelonephritis look on an xray

A

There can be an abscess, hydronephrosis(enlarged kidney), or gas bubbles if it is emphysematous

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24
Q

Cystitis

A

Inflammation of urinary bladder

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25
Is Cystitis more common in male or female anatomy
Female anatomy due to the shorter urethra
26
What are some possible causes of Cystitis
Bacterial infection, Instrumentation, Catheterization, or sexual intercourse
27
How can you help prevent cystitis in a patient with a catheter
keep the bag lower than the bladder to prevent backflow
28
Dysuria
Painful urination
29
Renal Calculi
Kidney Stones
30
What can Renal Calculi be made of
Calcium, uric acid, cystine, struvite
31
What percentage of renal stones are radioopaque
~80%
32
Phleboliths
Calcified clots within a vein
33
What is commonly mistaken for kidney stones
Phleboliths
34
Where are phleboliths most commonly located
Lower part of pelvis
35
Renal Colic
Severe pain presenting suddenly
36
What is usually the cause of Renal Colic
stones stuck in kidney, renal pelvis or ureters. Pain is from dilation and stretching/spasm of the ureter
37
What is a symptom of Renal Colic (besides pain)
Hematuria (blood in urine)
38
Hydronephrosis
Dilation/distention of renal pelvis and calyces (due to trapped urine)
39
What commonly causes Hydronephrosis
Obstructions
40
What is bilateral hydronephrosis indicative of
an obstruction at the base of the urinary bladder or urethra (affecting both ureters)
41
What is the main concern with hydronephrosis
It can lead to a completely and PERMANENTLY destroyed kidney functionally
42
Hydroureter
Dilated ureters
43
What are some treatments for Renal Calculi
Hydrate and wait Lithotripsy (ultrasound shock waves to destroy stone) Laster Lithotripsy (laser to destroy) Chemolysis (medication to break them) Surgical removal
44
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy/lithotripsy
Through small incision a tube is used to visualize the stone, then remove/break it. Follow up in fluoro
45
Cystoscopic retrieval can be 2 methods. These are
Basket extraction and Stent insertion
46
Are renal cysts usually malignant or benign
benign
47
Septations
Septums between portions of a cyst
48
Are renal cysts always unifocal
no, can be unifocal or bilateral
49
What may you need to do to definitively diagnose renal cysts
a biopsy
50
Polycystic kidney disease
Inherited disorder: cysts lobulate on the kidneys
51
Adenocarcinoma
Any malignancy involving glandular tissue in epithelium
52
Renal cell adenocarcinoma
Most common cancer of kidneys (RCC)
53
What is another name for RCC (renal cell carcinoma)
Hypernephroma
54
What is often the only symptom of RCC
Painless hematuria
55
Bladder carcinoma
Bladder tumor from epithelium
56
Who is most susceptible to bladder carcinoma
Males over 50
57
What is the most common symptom of bladder carcinoma
painless hematuria
58
ACUTE Renal Failure
quick onset and sudden damage. Rapid deterioration means nitrogen containing waste accumulates in the blood.
59
CHRONIC Renal Failure
Slow progression (over months)
60
Renal Hypertension
Also called renovascular hypertension. Elevated blood pressure CAUSED by narrowing arteries that deliver blood to kidney
61
What are the symptoms of Renal hypertension
usually ASYMPPTOMATIC aside from really high BP
62
How is Renal hypertension usually managed
Using BP medication
63
What is a more severe treatment for renal hypertension
Angioplasty. Stenting or surgery.

Pathology Urinary and Reproductive (2 decks)

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