Urinary

Question 1

urinary and repro systems come from

Answer 1

intermediate mesoderm

Question 2

paraxial mersoderm gives rise to ____ and now there is _____ between the somites and _____ called _____

Answer 2

somites, mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm

Question 3

_____ induces kidney forming ability of _____

Answer 3

paraxial mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm

Question 4

3 transcription factors expressed in intermediate mesoderm to drive nephric tubule development

Answer 4

Lim1, Pax2, Pax8

Question 5

Pronephros (2)

Answer 5

less complex nephric tubules developing in the cervical region, atrophy as metanephros develops

Question 6

Mesophros (2)

Answer 6

second generation in the thoraco-lumbar region, atrophy as metanephros develops

Question 7

Metanephros (3)

Answer 7

sacral region, 3rd generation, most functionally capable

Question 8

nephrotomes

Answer 8

cords of cells that grow from parietal wall of the nephrocoele and form PRONEPHRIC TUBULEs

Question 9

At the same time as somite presence,

Answer 9

interediate mesoderm make inner and outer visceral layers. Forms NEPHROCOELE in the middle

Question 10

Pronephric duct

Answer 10

site where distal end of each successive tubule fuses

Question 11

Nephrostome

Answer 11

means for lumen of pronephric tubule (which is continuous with nephrocoele) opens into the coelomic cavity

Question 12

As caudal pronephric tubules form… (3)

Answer 12

fuse with the pronephric duct (promixal parts keep fusing with the one behind it)
pronephric duct grows towards cloaca
becomes canalised

Question 13

Formation of the pronephros (3)

Answer 13

glomeruli come from tufts of capillaries from aorta
tufts invaginate wall of pronephric tubule

has only one tubule at each somite

Question 14

Process of Function (3) of pronephros development

Answer 14

Invaginated tufts become the bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus start to filtrate. Filtrate moves to pronephric tubule where absorption occurs. Then filtrate is removed to pronephric duct and then cloaca

Question 15

Uro-genital ridge (3)

Answer 15

post-somite stage
proliferation of intermediate mesoderm in thoraco-lumbar region
projects into peritoneal cavity

Question 16

Pronephric duct and mesonephros (2)

Answer 16

useable in early developing mesonephros and extends to cloaca then
the duct induces the mesonephros to form nephric vesicles which then form mesonephric tubule

Question 17

Mesonephros (4) Functional Development

Answer 17

Bowman’s capsule forms the same as pronephros (glomerular tufts push into invaginating mesonephric tubule epithelia). Except this time it is more intimate and is called the Renal Corpuscle

Is large enough to prject into abdominal cavity (pigs) (NOT primates and rodents)

Has multiple mesonephric tubules at each somite

Question 18

Metanephros (3)

Answer 18

Two growths
1. Ureteric bud (outgrowth of mesonephric duct)
2. Blastema = metanephric mass (from urinary ridge)
In the sacral region
Ureteric buds move into the blastema

Question 19

Pelvis of the kidney comes from

Answer 19

dilated portion of the ureteric bud

Question 20

Collecting ducts (2)

Answer 20

come from branching of ureteric bud

induce metanephric tissue to give rise to metanephric tubules

Question 21

Blastema, cyclic interaction (2)

Answer 21

mesenchyme and is required for ureteric bud formation

If the mesenchyme does not have ureteric bud, it dies as well.

Question 22

Mature nephrons appear ….

Answer 22

deeper in the kidney

Question 23

Carnivores have _____ nephrons and ruminants have ______ nephrons

Answer 23

500,000, 3-4 million

Question 24

Wnt 4 (2)

Answer 24

Secreted from tubule

drives full nephron development after effects of Wnt 6 and 9b

Question 25

Wnt 6 and 9b

Answer 25

induce the collecting tubule to make tubulo-epithelium

Question 26

Mesenchyme (2 genes to do...)

Answer 26

``` RA = retinoic acid GDNF = Glial-derived neurotrophic factor ``` stimulate branching

Question 27

Comma shape

Answer 27

primitive glomerulus with vascular space in the middle. | Tubule development circulates and makes glomerulus with podocytes (from epithelia) on the visceral side.

Question 28

VEGF (name and function)

Answer 28

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor | secreted by podocytes causing capillaries to branch

Question 29

Effects of missing GDNF

Answer 29

1 copy - very primitive development of ureteric duct | 2 copies - ureteric duct doesn't develop from the nephric duct

Question 30

Why final kidney is around lumbar vertebra (left is lagging) (2)

Answer 30

metanephros moves from pelvis to lumbar (will end dorsal to degenerating kidney) The right moves more forward except for pigs

Question 31

Renal lobe

Answer 31

medullary pyramid with cortical covering

Question 32

Variations in kidney organization

Answer 32

differences in the branching of ureteric bud and nephrons around those branches

Question 33

Cloaca (4 - general things)

Answer 33

Endodermal End of hind gut Also base of allantois (which becomes base of urogenital sinus Closed by Cloacal Membrane

Question 34

Perineal body (3)

Answer 34

between the urogenital membrane and anal membrane, seperated by the urorectal septum, attachment of fascia and muscles in the region

Question 35

Urorectal septum (3)

Answer 35

grows towards the cloacal membrane, makes rectal and urogenital sini, Mesoderm

Question 36

Bladder

Answer 36

develops after cloacal partitioning, in the pelvic region (allantois, urachus, bladder, urethra and ureter)

Question 37

Urogenital sinus (2)

Answer 37

is the allantois, distal part of this will form the urachus

Question 38

Urachus goes to form the ...

Answer 38

umbilical ligament

Question 39

Bladder development (4)

Answer 39

from endoderm, Incorporates the mesonephric and ureteric ducts (these are kind of together at this point), These 2 seperate (mesonephric intitally above the ureteric), The ureteric buds move laterally and anteriorly and open into the bladder (it looks like the mesonephric ducts wrap above and back around

Question 40

Trigone of the bladder (2)

Answer 40

triangle between the two ureters and where the mesonephric duct goes, Mesonephric ducts essentially move posteriorly along with the growth of the bladder)

Question 41

Renal Agenesis (5)

Answer 41

unilateral or bilateral, common in pigs and beagles, Ureteric buds don't develop, So no induction by metanephric mass to make renal tubules, When unilateral, the other hypertrophies

Question 42

Renal Hypoplasia (3)

Answer 42

small kidneys from immature glomeruli and tubules. , Unilateral and bilateral, Common in breeds of dogs

Question 43

migration defects (3)

Answer 43

Common - leaves pelvic cavity, Crossed ectopia - both on one side, usually not noticeable but can have chronic infections

Question 44

Horse-shoe kidney (3)

Answer 44

Kidneys fuse at inferior pole, may cause pain and obstruct ureters, Possible problem when moving from pelvic to lumbar region

Question 45

Polycystic kidney (2)

Answer 45

enlarged from cysts (urine in isolated ducts), developing nephrons don't fuse with collecting ducts

Question 46

Those affected by polycystic kidney (4)

Answer 46

Common in Beagles, Bull terriers, west highland white terrier, hereditary in pigs, persian and long-haired cats, rare in horses and sheep

Question 47

Ectopic ureters (4)

Answer 47

attaching to urethra rather than bladder is common, always urinating, Unilateral (occurs 50% on either side), bilateral (occurs 25% of cases), Metanephric duct system did not develop properly

Question 48

Urachral remnants (bladder) (3)

Answer 48

patent urachus (incomplete closure), seen with 1)incontinence, 2) scalding of abdomen, 3) frequent bacterial urinary tract infections