Urinary

Question 1

What is the primary function of the urinary system?

Answer 1

Regulate body fluid, excretion, and endocrine functions

Question 2

What are the 2 hormones that the urinary system secretes?

Answer 2

Erythropoietin and Renin

Question 3

What are some waste products that are excreted through the urinary system?

Answer 3

Nitrogenous wastes, detoxification products, drugs and inorganic ions

Question 4

Where are the kidneys located?

Answer 4

In the retroperitoneal area, right kidney is more cranial while the left one is more caudal

Question 5

What are the structures inside of the kidney starting at the most superficial portion?

Answer 5

Capsule to cortex to medulla and finally to the pelvis where urine is collected

Question 6

What species has a lobulated external surface on their kidneys?

Answer 6

Bovine and avian species

Question 7

What species has a smooth external surface on their kidneys?

Answer 7

Canine and Equine species

Question 8

What are 3 different ways the internal structures of a kidney could vary between species?

Answer 8

They could be homogenous (no separation), have papillae or calyx

Question 9

What is the course that the ureter takes from the kidney to the bladder?

Answer 9

Starts at the renal pelvis, to the hilus, in the retroperitoneal fold, and then finally to the bladder passing through the intramural tunnel while forming the trigone

Question 10

What is the ureter made up of?

Answer 10

3 layers of smooth muscle that contracts through peristalsis

Question 11

What kind of tissue lines the ureter?

Answer 11

Transitional epithelium

Question 12

What is the anatomical location of the bladder?

Answer 12

At the pelvic inlet, along the midline, just in front of the pubis

Question 13

What suspends the bladder in place?

Answer 13

A middle ligament, lateral ligament and the urethra

Question 14

How many layers of muscle does the bladder contain and what is it called?

Answer 14

The Detrusor muscle is made up of 3 layers of smooth muscles

Question 15

How many sphincters does the bladder contain?

Answer 15

Two sphincters, an internal (smooth muscle) and an external sphincter (skeletal muscle) that close the bladder just where it meets up with the urethra

Question 16

What are the 3 types of nerve supply in the bladder?

Answer 16

Parasympathetic, sympathetic, and somatic

Question 17

What is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for in the bladder?

Answer 17

Contraction of the bladder and relaxation of the internal sphincter

Question 18

What is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for in the bladder?

Answer 18

Vasculature

Question 19

What is the somatic nervous system responsible for in the bladder?

Answer 19

The skeletal muscle on the external sphincter (voluntary control)

Question 20

Where is the urethra located in a female?

Answer 20

Pelvic canal

Question 21

Where is the urethra located in a male?

Answer 21

In the prostatic, pelvic canal and penile region

Question 22

Why do males have less bladder infections than females?

Answer 22

Males have longer urethras

Question 23

Where does the urethra enter the reproductive tract?

Answer 23

Pelvic floor

Question 24

What kind of tissue are the mucosal folds in the urethra lined with?

Answer 24

Transitional epithelial, but stratified squamous at the external opening

Question 25

What openings into the urethra do males have?

Answer 25

Accessory glands, ductus deferens and the external meatus

Question 26

How much of the cardiac output do the kidneys receive?

Answer 26

1/5th or 20% of all blood volume makes its way to the kidney

Question 27

What is the pathway that the blood takes through the kidney?

Answer 27

Renal artery, reducing branches, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries, vasa recti, enlarging branches and then finally the renal vein

Question 28

What makes up the renal corpuscle?

Answer 28

The glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, and the capsular space

Question 29

What is Bowman's capsule?

Answer 29

Structure surrounding the glomerulus (where the afferent and efferent arterioles meet)

Question 30

What kind of muscle do both the afferent and efferent arterioles contain?

Answer 30

Smooth muscle that allows for contraction and relaxation, so in other words, regulation of the flow of the fluid

Question 31

What is in glomerular filtrate once it has entered the Bowman's capsule?

Answer 31

Water, electrolytes, waste, toxin metabolites, glucose, amino acids, etc.

Question 32

What are the different parts of the nephron?

Answer 32

The renal renal corpuscle (glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, & capsular space), proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct

Question 33

What is the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 33

The first segment of a renal tubule that is responsible for reabsorption of things the body wants to keep and secretion of things it doesn't

Question 34

What is the Loop of Henle?

Answer 34

It is a concentration regulator that follows the proximal convoluted tube consisting of 3 segments, the descending thin, ascending thin and ascending thick portion

Question 35

What is the descending thin portion of the Loop of Henle able to do?

Answer 35

It pulls out water, meaning that it is H2O permeable

Question 36

What is the ascending thin portion of the Loop of Henle?

Answer 36

It is H2O impermeable, meaning water can't enter or exit the tubule

Question 37

What is the ascending thick portion of the Loop of Henle?

Answer 37

The final portion of the Loop of Henle that is impermeable to water but can absorb electrolytes

Question 38

What is the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 38

Follows after the Loop of Henle and it functions more in secretion than reabsorption

Question 39

What is the difference between the early and late distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 39

The early DCT reabsorbs electrolytes, while the late DCT absorbs NaCl and bicarbonate. the late DCT also secretes electrolytes to regulate pH.

Question 40

What are two of the main nitrogenous waste products that the kidneys normally eliminate through secretion?

Answer 40

urea and creatinine (both byproducts of protein metabolism)

Question 41

What is the collecting duct?

Answer 41

Receives fluid from the DCTs of several nephrons as it passes back into the medulla

Question 42

Filtration control in the kidney is autoregulated, how does it achieve this?

Answer 42

Through the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 43

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 43

A system that regulates the rate of filtrate formation and systemic blood pressure, reacting to the concentration levels and acting accordingly. This will tell the body to retain/release fluid.

Question 44

What hormone is responsible for water control in the kidney?

Answer 44

Antidiuretic hormone

Question 45

What are some things that can trigger antidiuretic to be activated?

Answer 45

Increase in NaCl, decrease in either blood pressure or blood volume

Question 46

What is the end product of the kidney at work?

Answer 46

Urine with a variable concentration of H2O, Na+, Cl-, H+, HCO3, Urea, creatinine, etc.