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urinary system > urinary > Flashcards

urinary Flashcards

1
Q

what anatomy does the urinary system include

A

kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra

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2
Q

true or false: the urinary system is part of the excretory system

A

true

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3
Q

name the fxns of the urinary system

A

removal of metabolic waste
regulation of blood volume and pressure
conservation of valuable nutrients

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4
Q

the kidneys can be likened to a what

A

filter

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5
Q

what is the general shape of the kidney

A

bean

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6
Q

the lateral border is _____

A

convex

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7
Q

the medial border is _____

A

concave

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8
Q

how many poles does the kidney have

A

two; upper and lower poles

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9
Q

how big is they kidney

A

4 1/2 inches long and 2-3 inches wide and 1 1/4 inches thick

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10
Q

which kidney is slightly longer and narrower

A

left

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11
Q

what cavity are the kidneys in

A

retroperitoneal with contact to posterior abdominal wall

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12
Q

what plane do the kidneys lie in at what degree

A

oblique lane about 30 degrees anteriorly toward the aorta

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13
Q

extend from where to where

A

T12-L3

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14
Q

which kidney is lower in the body; why

A

right b/c of liver

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15
Q

what connects kidneys to bladder

A

ureter

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16
Q

the bladder serves as what

A

a reservoir

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17
Q

how does urine flow from inside the body out

A

through the urethra

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18
Q

in what habitus is the kidney higher

A

hypersthenic

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19
Q

what habitus has kidneys lower in the body

A

asthenic

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20
Q

what is the renal capsule

A

outer covering

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21
Q

the outer layer of renal tissue is what

A

renal cortex

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22
Q

what is the medulla

A

inner layer of renal tissue

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23
Q

the renal pyramids are formed by what

A

renal medulla

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24
Q

how many segments form renal pyramids

A

8-15 segments of collecting tubules

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25
Q

when fluids are filtered in the kidney where is it sent

A

the renal pelvis

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26
Q

what is considered the structure and functional unit of the kidney

A

the microscopic nephron

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27
Q

who many nephrons does each kidney have

A

one million

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28
Q

what is a nephron comprised of

A

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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29
Q

what is the glomerulus surrounded by

A

golmerular capsule (Bowman’s Capsule)

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30
Q

what is another name for the golemrular capsule

A

bowman’s capsule

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31
Q

which (proximal or distal) part of the nephron is the collecting system

A

proximal

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32
Q

what is the glomerulus

A

cluster of blood capillaries

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33
Q

what are vessel entering the capsule called

A

the afferent arteriole

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34
Q

what are the capsules termed leaving the capsule

A

efferent arteriole

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35
Q

the afferent or efferent arteriole brings blood to the glumerulli

A

afferent

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36
Q

where do the efferent arteriole carry the blood to

A

towards the convolutes tubes

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37
Q

filtrates travel from ______ to ______

A

from nephrons to the minor calyx to major to renal pelvis to ureters

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38
Q

wehre is the ureteropelvic junction

A

where the renal pelvis joins the ureters

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39
Q

true or false the bladder is a muscle

A

true

40
Q

the bladder serves as a ______

A

reservoir for urine

41
Q

in relation to the pubic symphysis where does the bladder sit

A

posterior and superior

42
Q

for males what structure is the bladder anterior to

A

rectum

43
Q

for females what structure is the bladder anterior to

A

vaginal canal

44
Q

what is the trigone

A

triangular area of the bladder base between three opening

45
Q

what are the three areas the trigone is between

A

two ureters one internal urethral orifice

46
Q

how much fluid an an adult bladder hold when completely full

A

500 ml

47
Q

when do you begin to feel the urge to unite (what volume)

A

250 ml

48
Q

through what does the urine exit the body

A

urethra

49
Q

how long is the urethra in a female

A

1 1/2 inches

50
Q

how long is the urethra in a male

A

7 to 8 inches

51
Q

true or false; the urethra has different uses in males and females

A

true

52
Q

what is the small glandular body surrounding the proximal part of the male urethra

A

prostate

53
Q

true or false; the prostate is considered part of the male reproductive statement

A

true

54
Q

how big is the average prostate

A

1.5 inches transversely; .75 inches at the base and 1 inch vertically

55
Q

what is dialysis

A

mechanical filtration of the blood; does the job of the nephrons

56
Q

true or false imaging the urinary system requires contrast; if true what kind

A

true; iodinated contrast

57
Q

is contrast used to image kidney stones

A

no

58
Q

what is antegrade filling administration of contrast

A

going with the normal flow of the blood to the kidneys

59
Q

what is another way to introduce contrast to the kidneys

A

percutaneous antegrade urography

puncture the renal pelvis

60
Q

most commonly used is what; what is it called

A

introduction through IV

IVU (intravenous urography)

61
Q

what is pyelography

A

radiographic demonstration of the renal pelves and calyces

62
Q

true or false pyelography can be referred to as an IVP

A

False

63
Q

what is reabsorbed from the contrast

A

the water and the contrast material becomes concentrated and shows the urinary canals

64
Q

what kind of filling goes against the normal flow

A

retrograde

65
Q

what is it called when contrast in introduced against the normal flow

A

retrograde urography

66
Q

how is retrograde contrast introduced

A

through a catheter; into the bladder

67
Q

what is cystography

A

bladder exam

68
Q

what is cystoureteography

A

exam of lower ureters

69
Q

what is a cystourthrography

A

exam of the urethra

70
Q

are higher or lower concentrations of contrast are used for bladder imaging, why

A

lower; there is going to be a large amount of contrast used

71
Q

when is a higher concentration used

A

excretory urography

72
Q

what type of media is less likely to cause an adverse reaction

A

non-iodinated

73
Q

what are most common rxns to media

A

warmth
flushing
few hives

74
Q

more severe rxns include

A

nausea
vomiting
edema of respiratory mucous membranes

75
Q

how long should a pt be observed after administration of contrast

A

twenty minutes

76
Q

why should the GI tract be prepped for a urinary system imaging

A

to provide a clear view for the study

77
Q

how long should a pt have a low residue diet

A

1-2 days

78
Q

why is a low residue diet followed

A

to prevent gas formation

79
Q

NPO for how long

A

after midnight before the exam

80
Q

true or false; the pt should also avoid drinking water

A

FALSE; the pt should be well hydrated

81
Q

for retrograde exams how much water should the pt drink several hours before exam

A

4-5 cups

82
Q

what kind of markers are needed for these exams

A

time and body position markers

83
Q

should exposure be made on inspiration or expiration

A

expiration

84
Q

what is the normal GFR range

A

120-125 ml/min

85
Q

what is the normal creatinine level

A

.6-1.2

86
Q

what value is an indicator of renal dysfunction

A

under 90ml/min

87
Q

when are kidneys in a higher position

A

supine

88
Q

upright position causes the kidneys to rise or fall in the body

A

fall

89
Q

for obliques, how much is the pt rotated

A

30 degrees

90
Q

on average how much urine is passed each day

A

1-2 liters

91
Q

from supine to upright how much do the kidneys move

A

2 inches`

92
Q

what is the degrees of angulation for an AP axial bladder

A

10-15 degrees caudad

93
Q

what is your centering point for the AP axial bladder

A

2’’ above upper border of pubic symphysis

94
Q

for the lateral bladder where do you center

A

2’’ above upper border of the pubic symphysis at MCP

95
Q

for the male cystourethrogram utilizes what

A

endoscopic camera

96
Q

what are the essential projections for male cystourethrogram

A

AP Obliques (RPO or LPO)

97
Q

what is the degree of body rotation for the AP Obliques

A

35-45 degrees

urinary system (1 decks)

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