Urinary

Question 1

Acute Kidney Injury

Answer 1

Diagnosed by: Blood tests revealing elevated blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, potassium, low pH; Urinalysis revealing casts, low specific gravity, or proteinuria
Treatment: Diet low in protein, sodium, potassium; Restricted Fluid Intake, Dialysis

Question 2

Lower UTIs(Urethritis & Cystitis)

Answer 2

Diagnosed by: Microexamination of urine, patient history

Treatment: Antibiotics

Question 3

Upper UTI(Pyelonephritis)

Answer 3

Diagnosed by: Urinalysis, pus and blood in urine

Treatment: Antibiotics

Question 4

Lupus Nephritis

Answer 4

Diagnosed by: Patient history, physical exam, urinalysis, blood tests, ultrasound, biopsy
Treatment: Anit-inflammatory drugs, immunesuppresants, antihypertensives, reduced salt and fat diet

Question 5

IgA Nephropathy

Answer 5

Diagnosed by: Tests for blood urea nitrogen, urinalysis, urine biopsy
Treatment: Hypertension medications

Question 6

Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis

Answer 6

Diagnosed by: Urinalysis, patient history, physical examination, renal biopsy
Treatment: Anti-inflammatory drugs, immune suppressants, hypertensive medication

Question 7

Kidney Stones

Answer 7

Diagnosed by: CT, renal ultrasound, patient history, blood analysis, urinalysis
Treatment: Hydrolithotripsy, surgery, medication that will dissolve the stone

Question 8

Renal Failure

Answer 8

Diagnosed by: Blood tests revealing elevated blood urea nitrogen and GFR tests
Treatment: Renal dialysis

Question 9

Diabetic Nephropathy

Answer 9

Diagnosed by: Patient history, kidney biopsy

Treatment: Antihypertensives, dialysis

Question 10

Hypertensive Kidney Disease(Renovascular Hypertension)

Answer 10

Diagnosed by: Patient history, ultrasound, renal arteriography, renin levels in renal veins
Treatment: Various surgeries

Question 11

Nephrotic Syndrome(NS)

Answer 11

Diagnosed by: Patient history, urinalysis showing high protein levels and casts, blood tests showing high lipids and low albumin, kidney biopsy
Treatment: Hypertension medications, diuretics, immune-suppressants, cholesterol-lowering drugs, blood-thinning medications

Question 12

Hydronephrosis

Answer 12

Diagnosed by: Physical exam, CT, ultrasound, urinalysis

Treatment: Antibiotics, analgesics, cathetarization, surgery

Question 13

Chronic Glomerulonephritis

Answer 13

Diagnosed by: Patient history, urinalysis, blood urea nitrogen serum creatinine levels, ultrasound, CT, biopsy
Treatment: Antihypertensive medications, low-sodium diet, diuretics, dialysis, transplantation

Question 14

Urinary Incontinence

Answer 14

Diagnosed by: Patient history, physical exam, laboratory blood tests, diary of incontinence for patterns and triggers, ultrasound, cytoscopy
Treatment: Behavioural changes, pelvic exercises, medications, catheterization surgery

Question 15

Renal Cell Carcinoma

Answer 15

Diagnosed by: CT, ultrasound

Treatment: Surgery removal of tumours

Question 16

Wilm’s Tumour

Answer 16

Diagnosed by: CT, ultrasound

Treatment: Surgery, radiation

Question 17

Carcinoma of Bladder

Answer 17

Diagnosed by: Physical exam, urinalysis procedures, biopsy, blood analysis, cytoscopy, CT
Treatment: Radiation, surgical removal

Question 18

Polycystic Kidney Disease

Answer 18

Diagnosed by: Renal ultrasound, CT

Treatment: Symptomatic treatment, surgery, transplantation

Question 19

Medullary Sponge Kidney

Answer 19

Diagnosed by: Ultrasound, intravenous pyelogram, CT, patient history
Treatment: Hydration, symptomatic treatment