Urinary Bladder

Question 1

Where is the bladder located on the pelvic floor and is posterior to?

Answer 1

Retroperitoneum; Pubis Symphisis

Question 2

When the bladder is empty what appearance does it have?

Answer 2

Folded and wrinkled

Question 3

How many milliliters is the normal adult bladder when moderately full?

Answer 3

500ml (1pint) but can double that if necessary

Question 4

There are two regions to the superior surface of the bladder, name them both:

Answer 4

The fundus located posteriorly and the apex located anteriorly

Question 5

When the bladder is empty, the anterior surface lies just behind but rarely superior to what in both males and females?

Answer 5

Symphysis

Question 6

The two uretrhal orifices are located in what portion in the body of the bladder?

Answer 6

Posteroinferior portion

Question 7

The urethral orifice is located in (blank) of the bladder and is in the most (blank) region?

Answer 7

• Neck of bladder

- inferior portion

Question 8

The fibrous medial umbilical ligament is also known as

Answer 8

Obliterated urachus

Question 9

When the bladder is relatively empty in female, the fundal region of the bladder lies in contact with the (blank) wall of vagina and cervix?

Answer 9

Anterior wall

Question 10

What is interposed between the bladder and the rectum?

Answer 10

The uterus and vagina

Question 11

In males, the (blank) an the body of the bladder are related to the rectum

Answer 11

The fundus

Question 12

The fibrous medial umbilical ligament extends from the apex upward as a blunt cone with a solid tender continuation in the midline of the abdominal wall and attaches to what?

Answer 12

The umbilicus

Question 13

The fundus and the body of the bladder are separated by the (blank) of the peritoneum and inferolaterally on each side by the (blank) and (blank) vesicles in males

Answer 13

• rectovesical pouch
• vas deferens
• seminal vesicles

Question 14

,What is a fibromuscular and glandular organ that lies just inferior to the bladder?

Answer 14

-Prostate

Question 15

Where does prostate gland secretion enter the prostatic urethra?

Answer 15

-via several ducts

Question 16

How long in centimeters are the seminal vesicles?

Answer 16

-6cm long

Question 17

Each of the seminal vesicles joins its corresponding vas deferencs to form what?

Answer 17

-ejaculatory duct

Question 18

What is the triangular region on the floor of the bladder that has no rugae and is firmly attached to the muscular coat?

Answer 18

-Trigone

Question 19

What are the three openings is the trigone outlined by in the bladder?

Answer 19

• two ureters

- urethra

Question 20

What are situated superiorly and laterally at the extremities of the cresnt-shapred interuretic ridge that forms the prominal border of the trigone?

Answer 20

Urerthral orifices

Question 21

What is the avg. length and diameter of the ureters?

Answer 21

30 cm and 6 mm diameter

Question 22

The ureters are constricted in three places, name the three

Answer 22

At the uterteropelvic junction

-the iliac vessels and at the junction of the bladder

Question 23

At the bladder urethral junction, there is a thickening of the detrusor muscle of the bladder wall that forms the:

Answer 23

Internal urethral sphincter

Question 24

The internal urethral sphincter is a (blank) muscle and in which the external urethral sphinter is conrolled (blank)

Answer 24

• Involuntary muscle

- Volunarily

Question 25

The opening of the urethra to the exterior is known as

Answer 25

Urinary meatus

Question 26

How long approx. is the male urethra and it has three regions, name them:

Answer 26

- 20 cm long approx | - Prostatic urethra (2.5cm long approx), membranous urethra and spongy urethra

Question 27

What is the mechanism for voiding urine and starts with involuntary and voluntary nerve impulses?

Answer 27

Micturition

Question 28

When the volume of urine exceeds 200ml to 400ml, stretch receptors trigger tansmission of the impulses to the lower portion of the spinal cord initiating the conscious desire to expel urine and the unconscious desire which is known as:

Answer 28

Micturition reflex

Question 29

What muscle squeezes urine out of the bladder?

Answer 29

Detrusor muscle

Question 30

Inability to empty bladder even though there is an excessive amount is known as

Answer 30

Retention

Question 31

What is the most widely used method to scan the urinary bladder:

Answer 31

Transabdominal

Question 32

During penile artery eval. the proximal and distal end of the urethra can bbe visualized/identified using this approach

Answer 32

Endorectal

Question 33

Thickness of the bladder wall will vary when fully distended from (blank) mm to (blank) mm when near empty

Answer 33

-3mm to 5mm

Question 34

If the bladder wall is larger than 6mm when empty or fully distended there should be interrogation for

Answer 34

Pathological process

Question 35

Sonographically, what are seen as two small oval hypoehoic structures posterior to the bladder and superior to the prostate

Answer 35

Seminal Vesicles

Question 36

3D bladder volume measurement can be obtained using a 3D technique called: (also creates a 3D model of the organ)

Answer 36

Virtual Organ Computer-aided Analysis

Question 37

This abnormality of the bladder is divided into 3 parts in which the peritoneal fold may be complete or incomplete, a septum dividing the bladder with sagitally or coronally or a transverse band of muscle diving the bladder into two unequal parts

Answer 37

Duplication of bladder

Question 38

This results from premature branching of embryonic uteretic bid branches and leads to partial division and separation of the related blastema

Answer 38

Duplication of ureters

Question 39

This includes a bifurcation of the ureter at or near the renal pelvis that unites at a variable distance between the kidney and the bladder and enter the bladder as a single ureter in the normal bladder trigone

Answer 39

Incomplete duplication of ureter

Question 40

When there are two separate renal collecting systems and two separate ureters:

Answer 40

Complete duplication

Question 41

What is the absence of the bladder called:

Answer 41

Bladder agenesis | rare, occuring vitually in females if surviving and most are stillborn

Question 42

What are pouch-like eversions of the bladder wall and are produced my mucousal herniation through defects in the muscle that can be either aquired or congenital lesions that results in abnormality of bladder function with chronically raised intravesical pressure?

Answer 42

Diverticula

Question 43

What is a common form of diverticula that is formed because the ureter is inserted at a weak point in the bladder wall?

Answer 43

Paraurethral (Hutch's) Diverticulum

Question 44

Sonographically, how is there a diagnosis made for diverticulum

Answer 44

a narrow communication between the diverticulum and bladder

Question 45

What structure can be routinely found as a hypoechoic linear structure exiting from the base of the bladder and traveling inferior to the pubis symphysis?

Answer 45

Normal Urethra

Question 46

What is it called when variable echogenicity depends on the relative orientation of transducer and structure being scanned

Answer 46

Anisotrophy

Question 47

What is the elevation of the floor of the prostatic urethra where the seminal ducts enter?

Answer 47

Verumontanum

Question 48

What is the most common cause of urinary obstruction in male infants in which 75% of cases are discovered in the 1st year of life?

Answer 48

Posterior urethral valve syndrome

Question 49

Sonographically: A dilated elongated prostatic urethra (peculiar to males); subsequently, thickened bladder wall, hydroureters, or dilated upper urinary tract may develop in this bladder abnormality:

Answer 49

Posterior Urethral Valve

Question 50

This abnormality is frequently associcated with other congenital abnormalities and by definition is an enversion of the viscus through a defect in the anterior abdominal wall. Also associcated with the separation of the pubis symphysis:

Answer 50

Exstrophy of the bladder

Question 51

This is a norrowing of the bladder neck and is a common cause of vesicoureteral refleux, vesical diverticula, large bladder capacity and the syndrome of irritable bowel, associated with enuresis (involuntary urination):

Answer 51

Contracture of the bladder neck

Question 52

This occur when the uteretic buds originate from the mesonephric duct instead of the cloaca:

Answer 52

Ectopic Ureter

Question 53

This is a cyst-like enlargement of the lower end of the ureter and because of stenosis, hydroureter may be present, hydronephrosis and infection may present in this abnormaility:

Answer 53

Ureterocele

Question 54

These appear as round or oval thin-walled cysts structures located at the expected location of the distal urethral orifice:

Answer 54

Simple ureteroceles

Question 55

Sonographic appearance of this abnormality: Round, well-defined, thin walled, fluid filled masses with acoustic enhancement, variable in size. Color doppler demonstrates bidirectional flow between the bladder and cystic diverticulum

Answer 55

Diverticula

Question 56

Sonographic appearance of this bladder abnormality: Dilated, elongated prostatic urethra, subsequently, thickened bladder wall, hydroureters or dilated upper urinary tract may develop

Answer 56

Posterior Urethral valve

Question 57

Sonographic appearance of this bladder abnormality: Eversion though anterior abdominal wall, other findings include hydronephrosis caused by ureterovesical obstruction:

Answer 57

Exstrophy

Question 58

Sonographic appearance of bladder abnormality: Secondary abnormalities include vesicoureteral reflux, vesical diverticula, and large-capacity bladder

Answer 58

Bladder neck contracture

Question 59

Sonographic appearance of this bladder abnormality: more common for ureter to arise from the upper moiety of a duplex kidney; 10-20% arise from a solitary renal pelvis; may be massively dilated; may mimic multiseptate, cyctic abdominal masses:

Answer 59

Ectopic ureterocele

Question 60

Sonographic appearance of this bladder abnormality: anechoic mass or diverticular outpouching between dome of bladder and the umbilicus, cyst formation occurs wehn end seals off; adenocarcinoma or calculi may occur in a urachal cyst

Answer 60

Persistent urachus

Question 61

This urachal variant occurs in 50% of cases when failing to close prior to birth and is usually associated with urethral obstruction and in this type urine may drain constantly from the umbilicus

Answer 61

A patent urachus or fistula

Question 62

Type of urachal variant in which 30% of cases when both ends of the urachal close off on both ends and traps a small amount of urine in canal

Answer 62

Urachal cyst

Question 63

Type of urachal variant: results in 15% of cases when urachus closes at the bladder but not the umbilicus

Answer 63

Urachal Sinus

Question 64

This urachal variant results in 5% of cases wgen urachus closes at the umbilicus and remains patent(open) at the bladder:

Answer 64

urachus diverticulum