Urinary Diseases of Exotic Pets Flashcards

Question

Bird urinary disorders

Answer 1

``` Clinical signs - Polyuria - Polydipsia - Oliguria/anuria - Uric acid deposition in tissues -Hind limb paresis/paralysis - Systemically ill . Lethargy . Ruffled feathers . Anorexic . Dehydrated ```

Answer 2

``` Diagnostics for Urinary Disorders - Multi-modal - Hematology . CBC * Inflammation * Infection . Plasma Chemistry ```

Answer 3

Plasma Chemistry - Elevated uric acid (>10 mg/dl psittacines) . 70% of renal tissue affected . Other causes: high protein meal, muscle catabolism, dehydration (mild elevation) - Inc phosphorus, dec calcium (Normal - 1.5-2 Ca:l Pin) - BUN, creatinine - non- diagnostic for renal disease . May be indicators of dehydration and renal perfusion - Potassium . Increase in acute renal disease . Sample processing . Cell leakage - Sodium and chloride . Dehydration - AST/CK . Muscle wasting if chronically debilitated

Answer 4

``` Urinalysis Fecal contamination unavoidable Collect on wax paper - Separate urine Sediment evaluation limited to casts - granular, cellular, hyaline - uric acid crystals Specific gravity 1.005- 1.020 g/uL - Polyuria secondary to renal disease = isosthenuric - Polyuria secondary to hepatic disease = hyposthenuric pH 6.5-8.0 - protein - glucose ```

Answer 5

Rads Culture Endoscopy

Answer 6

``` Renal disease - Treat etiology - Manage the renal failure . Birds often require critical care and hospitalization Goals of therapy - Dec uric acid in body . Decrease production . Enhance elimination ```

Answer 7

``` Fluid therapy - Little effect on uric acid level . Support patient . Perfuse kidneys Feed diet low in protein Phosphorus binders - Aluminum hydroxide Calcium carbonate Na restricted diets contraindicated - Na inc solubility of uric acid Allopurinol - 10-15 mg/kg BID - Inhibits uric acid formation Colchicine/probenicid combo - Dec inflammation, and dec uric acid Omega 3 FA ```

Answer 8

``` Bacterial nephritis - Ascending infections from cloaca - Reproductive activity - Hematogenous spread - Inflammatory leukogram - Antimicrobial therapy . Avoid Sulfas** - Excretion via same route as uric acid . Avoid nephrotoxic drugs - Aminoglycosides ```

Answer 9

``` Gout - Articular . Uric acid tophi deposited in joints - Chronic renal failure . Very painful . Analgesia . Consider euthanasia - Visceral . Uric acid deposited in viscera - Acute renal failure - Difficult to diagnose and treat ```

Answer 10

``` Neoplasia, budgies over-represented Avian kidney has 3 lobes, ischiatic nerve between cranial and middle lobes Presenting signs include: lameness, abdominal distension Biopsy and histopathology diagnostic Radiography - must differentiate between gonad and cranial pole of kidney ```

Answer 11

``` Kidneys: - Paired - Lobulated, Elongated . Squamates - Location . Pelvic canal . Coelomic cavity ```

Answer 12

``` Ureters Urodeum Urinary bladder - Absent in crocodilians and snakes - Chelonians water resorption Urine flow ```

Answer 13

``` Clinical signs - Muscle tremors - Dehydration - Wasting (CRF) . Anorexia - Weak and depressed - Palpable kidneys . Digital- cloaca . Externally . Constipation - Edema ```

Answer 14

``` Similar to birds Hematology - CBC * PCV - Dehydration * Leukocytosis - Reference ranges? ```

Answer 15

``` Urinalysis Cystocentesis or catheter Sample not sterile - Culture: + or - Color- clear to straw - Green- biliverdin (liver) Specific gravity - 1.003-1.014 (low normally) - Increased with renal disease pH: herbivore- alkaline; carnivore- acidic Bilirubin, ketones: negative Glucose, protein: none to low Bacteria- common Crystals- amorphous urates normal; calcium oxalates: renal disease Cells- few RBC, few renal tubular, squamous, transitional Casts- renal compromise** ```

Answer 16

``` Radiographs - Cranial extension of kidney from pelvic canal - Negative contrast . Air into coelomic cavity . (10ml/kg) Ultrasound - Scales . Ultrasound gel or water bath Biopsy - Transcutaneous tru-cut - Exploratory coeliotomy: cranial ```

Answer 17

Stabilize patient Correct problems Protect remaining functional kidney

Answer 18

``` Correct environment and diet Fluid therapy - Support, not diuresis . Assess dehydration: maintenance plus deficit . Maintenance: 25-40 ml/kg/day . Route: PO, SQ, 10, IV - Shock: up to 5 ml/kg/hr - Acute renal failure . May cause cardiac overload b/c delayed return to function ```

Answer 19

Hypocalcemia - Treatment for secondary Hyperparathyroidism . IO/IV: calcium gluconate (400 mg/kg/day) . Oral preferred when stabile - Calcium glubionate Phosphate binders Allopurinol (Reduce uric acid) Colchicine/Probenecid Reduce protein catabolism Lower protein diet

Answer 20

``` Vitamin D - Controversial - Humans used to reduce PTH . Reduce renal toxicity without hypercalcemia Antimicrobials - Culture and Sensitivity Omega 3 FA - Anti-inflammatory effect ```

Answer 21

``` Gout - Limit uric acid secretion - Overwhelming production - Severe dehydration Bacterial diseases - Gram-negative opportunists . Microthrombi Other infectious - Fungal - Parasitic . Protozoa - Cryptosporidiosis . Trematodes . Nematodes Viral - IBD- snakes Neoplasia ```

Answer 22

``` Nutritional - High protein diets - Limited water, humidity - Hypervitaminosis D Toxic compounds (e.g., aminoglycosides) Amyloidosis - Low molecular weight amyloid - Chronic antigenic stimulation Trauma ```

Urinary Diseases of Exotic Pets Flashcards

(46 cards)