Urinary Elimination

Question 1

What are the precautions for TB?

Answer 1

airborne precautions

Question 2

What are the precautions for the Flu?

Answer 2

droplet precautions

Question 3

What are the precautions for MRSA?

Answer 3

contact precautions

Question 4

What are the precautions for chickenpox?

Answer 4

airborne precautions

Question 5

How do you dispose of isolation supplies?

Answer 5

anything w/ body fluids goes inside an isolation bag inside the room

Question 6

What are the steps in the chain of infection?

Answer 6

1. infectious agent
2. reservoir
3. portal of exit
4. mode of transmission
5. portal of entry
6. susceptible hose

Question 7

What are the stages of infection?

Answer 7

1. incubation: from the time of inf. to the start
2. prodromal: vague sx present (not every disease has this stage)
3. illness: s/s present
4. decline: number of pathogens declines
5. convalescence: tissue repair, return to health

Question 8

How to DON PPE?

Answer 8

gown, mask, goggles, gloves

Question 9

How to DOFF PPE?

Answer 9

gloves, goggles, gown, mask

Question 10

What’s the body’s Primary defense against infection?

Answer 10

skin, tears, mucous membranes

Question 11

What’s the body’s Secondary defense against infection?

Answer 11

phagocytosis, inflammation, fever

Question 12

What’s the body’s Tertiary defense against infection?

Answer 12

direct destruction of infected cells by T-cells

Question 13

What are the Immunoglobulin classes?

Answer 13

IgM: first to the scene
IgG: 6-10 days
IgE: allergy
IgA: mucus

Question 14

What are the host’s defenses against infection?

Answer 14

adequate nutrition, sleep/rest, good hygiene, exercise, immunization

Question 15

What’s a nurse’s role in infection prevention?

Answer 15

To minimize the number of infections in the healthcare facility, to stay up to date on current info about pathogens, infection control, and follow federal guidelines about infection control

Question 16

What’s the nurse’s role in epidemics & bioterrorism?

Answer 16

To recognize an outbreak, notify the safety officer, use appropriate level of standard precautions, prepare the client/patient for a pandemic outbreak

Question 17

What lab values are used to look at kidney function?

Answer 17

BUN, GFR, Creatinine, and CBC (which shows the hemoglobin & hematocrit and body’s ability to clot)

Question 18

Function of the Urinary System?

Answer 18

to filter blood & create urine as a waste by-product

Question 19

Anatomy of the Urinary System

Answer 19

Kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra, sphincter

Question 20

Function of the kidney

Answer 20

Eliminate urea (liquid waste) & keep chemicals (sodium, potassium) & water in balance, BP regulation too

Question 21

Ureters

Answer 21

narrow tubes (2) that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder, muscles in ureter walls tighten & relax, forcing urine downward. If urine backs up or stands still, a kidney inf. can happen

Question 22

Bladder

Answer 22

Bladder’s walls relax & expand to hold urine, then contract & flatten to empty urine through the urethra

Question 23

Sphincter Muscles

Answer 23

2 circular muscles that keep urine from leaking by tightly closing like a rubber band around the opening of bladder

Question 24

Nerves in the bladder

Answer 24

the nerves alert a person when it’s time to urinate/empty the bladder

Question 25

Urethra

Answer 25

a tube allowing urine to pass outside the body. When the brain signals bladder muscles to tighten (squeezing urine out of bladder), the brain signals sphincter muscles to relax & let urine exit through the urethra

Question 26

Nephrons

Answer 26

they filter blood & separate the waste as urine (nephron is what separates the urine from blood)

Question 27

What concerns do health care providers have for patients using diuretics?

Answer 27

Increased urination, sodium loss, low potassium levels in blood (Hypokalemia), fluid/electrolyte imbalance, dehydration

Question 28

What does Hypertrophy of the prostate cause in men and why is this significant?

Answer 28

Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size which is significant because enlargement of the prostate can put pressure on the bladder & urethra, obstructing urine flow, causing discomfort & possibly damaging the kidneys

Question 29

4 Types of Incontinence

Answer 29

1. stress incontinence 2. urge incontinence 3. mixed incontinence 4. temporary incontinence

Question 30

What's stress incontinence?

Answer 30

something from outside of bladder causes stress on abdomen (coughing, sneezing)

Question 31

What's urge incontinence?

Answer 31

spasms press on bladder (sudden urge to urinate)

Question 32

What's mixed incontinence?

Answer 32

stress + urge incontinence (complicated)

Question 33

What's temporary incontinence?

Answer 33

side effect of medicine or short-term health condition

Question 34

What are some normal UA results?

Answer 34

``` Color: pale yellow (light to dark amber) Clarity: clear or cloudy pH: 5.0-9.0 specific gravity: 1.002-1.030 glucose: neg odor: neg ketones: none nitrites: neg leukocyte: neg ```

Question 35

What are some abnormal UA results?

Answer 35

``` pH: higher/lower than 5-9 (acidity could indicate a UTI or kidney stones) glucose: pos odor: pos ketones: present nitrites: pos leukocyte: pos blood in urine: yes crystals: yes ```

Question 36

What are the 3 types of catheters?

Answer 36

1. straight cath 2. indwelling cath 3. suprapubic cath

Question 37

Straight Catheter

Answer 37

immediate draining of bladder & removed right after

Question 38

Indwelling Catheter

Answer 38

aka foley, balloon inflates at the tip to hold it in place

Question 39

Suprapubic Catheter

Answer 39

used for continuous drainage when urethra must be bypassed (surgery or obstruction)

Question 40

What is the first nursing priority when decreased urine output with indwelling Foley catheter?

Answer 40

Check it for kinks, placement, or blockage

Question 41

What is urinary diversion? Why is it necessary?

Answer 41

It’s a surgically created opening for urine elimination (they don’t eliminate urine from urethra, but instead from a stoma). It’s necessary for patients who don’t have control of urination or if they have urinary defects or trauma.

Question 42

What's the importance of handwashing?

Answer 42

To prevent the spread of germs & infection

Question 43

What's a nosocomial infection?

Answer 43

Hospital acquired infection

Question 44

What is asepsis?

Answer 44

The absence of all microorganisms

Question 45

What is clean?

Answer 45

free of visible soil

Question 46

What is disinfect?

Answer 46

the removal of pathogens by chemical means

Question 47

What's sterile?

Answer 47

free of microorganisms (except prions)

Question 48

How many grams is 1 kg?

Answer 48

1 kg = 1000 g

Question 49

How many pounds is 1 kg?

Answer 49

1 kg = 2.2 lbs

Question 50

How many mL is 1 L?

Answer 50

1 L = 1000 mL

Question 51

How many mL is 1 oz?

Answer 51

1 oz. = 30 mL

Question 52

What is specific gravity & why is it important?

Answer 52

Specific gravity is a measure of dissolved solutes in a solution. It’ll show if you’re well hydrated, dehydrated, etc.) Normal specific gravity: 1.010 – 1.025 (below 1.010 means excess hydration, above 1.025 means dehydrated)

Question 53

How much urine do the kidneys typically produce?

Answer 53

60 mL of urine/per hour

Question 54

Elevated BUN, elevated Creatinine, elevated Potassium & low blood PH are signs of what?

Answer 54

renal failure

Question 55

What is cystitis?

Answer 55

infection of the bladder (doesn’t result in abnormal renal function)

Question 56

What's the effect of renal calculi?

Answer 56

produce blood in urine