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Nurs101 > Urinary Elimination > Flashcards

Urinary Elimination Flashcards

1
Q

What are the precautions for TB?

A

airborne precautions

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2
Q

What are the precautions for the Flu?

A

droplet precautions

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3
Q

What are the precautions for MRSA?

A

contact precautions

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4
Q

What are the precautions for chickenpox?

A

airborne precautions

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5
Q

How do you dispose of isolation supplies?

A

anything w/ body fluids goes inside an isolation bag inside the room

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6
Q

What are the steps in the chain of infection?

A
  1. infectious agent
  2. reservoir
  3. portal of exit
  4. mode of transmission
  5. portal of entry
  6. susceptible hose
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7
Q

What are the stages of infection?

A
  1. incubation: from the time of inf. to the start
  2. prodromal: vague sx present (not every disease has this stage)
  3. illness: s/s present
  4. decline: number of pathogens declines
  5. convalescence: tissue repair, return to health
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8
Q

How to DON PPE?

A

gown, mask, goggles, gloves

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9
Q

How to DOFF PPE?

A

gloves, goggles, gown, mask

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10
Q

What’s the body’s Primary defense against infection?

A

skin, tears, mucous membranes

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11
Q

What’s the body’s Secondary defense against infection?

A

phagocytosis, inflammation, fever

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12
Q

What’s the body’s Tertiary defense against infection?

A

direct destruction of infected cells by T-cells

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13
Q

What are the Immunoglobulin classes?

A

IgM: first to the scene
IgG: 6-10 days
IgE: allergy
IgA: mucus

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14
Q

What are the host’s defenses against infection?

A

adequate nutrition, sleep/rest, good hygiene, exercise, immunization

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15
Q

What’s a nurse’s role in infection prevention?

A

To minimize the number of infections in the healthcare facility, to stay up to date on current info about pathogens, infection control, and follow federal guidelines about infection control

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16
Q

What’s the nurse’s role in epidemics & bioterrorism?

A

To recognize an outbreak, notify the safety officer, use appropriate level of standard precautions, prepare the client/patient for a pandemic outbreak

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17
Q

What lab values are used to look at kidney function?

A

BUN, GFR, Creatinine, and CBC (which shows the hemoglobin & hematocrit and body’s ability to clot)

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18
Q

Function of the Urinary System?

A

to filter blood & create urine as a waste by-product

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19
Q

Anatomy of the Urinary System

A

Kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra, sphincter

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20
Q

Function of the kidney

A

Eliminate urea (liquid waste) & keep chemicals (sodium, potassium) & water in balance, BP regulation too

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21
Q

Ureters

A

narrow tubes (2) that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder, muscles in ureter walls tighten & relax, forcing urine downward. If urine backs up or stands still, a kidney inf. can happen

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22
Q

Bladder

A

Bladder’s walls relax & expand to hold urine, then contract & flatten to empty urine through the urethra

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23
Q

Sphincter Muscles

A

2 circular muscles that keep urine from leaking by tightly closing like a rubber band around the opening of bladder

24
Q

Nerves in the bladder

A

the nerves alert a person when it’s time to urinate/empty the bladder

25
Q

Urethra

A

a tube allowing urine to pass outside the body. When the brain signals bladder muscles to tighten (squeezing urine out of bladder), the brain signals sphincter muscles to relax & let urine exit through the urethra

26
Q

Nephrons

A

they filter blood & separate the waste as urine (nephron is what separates the urine from blood)

27
Q

What concerns do health care providers have for patients using diuretics?

A

Increased urination, sodium loss, low potassium levels in blood (Hypokalemia), fluid/electrolyte imbalance, dehydration

28
Q

What does Hypertrophy of the prostate cause in men and why is this significant?

A

Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size which is significant because enlargement of the prostate can put pressure on the bladder & urethra, obstructing urine flow, causing discomfort & possibly damaging the kidneys

29
Q

4 Types of Incontinence

A
  1. stress incontinence
  2. urge incontinence
  3. mixed incontinence
  4. temporary incontinence
30
Q

What’s stress incontinence?

A

something from outside of bladder causes stress on abdomen (coughing, sneezing)

31
Q

What’s urge incontinence?

A

spasms press on bladder (sudden urge to urinate)

32
Q

What’s mixed incontinence?

A

stress + urge incontinence (complicated)

33
Q

What’s temporary incontinence?

A

side effect of medicine or short-term health condition

34
Q

What are some normal UA results?

A 
Color: pale yellow (light to dark amber)
Clarity: clear or cloudy
pH: 5.0-9.0
specific gravity: 1.002-1.030
glucose: neg
odor: neg
ketones: none
nitrites: neg
leukocyte: neg
35
Q

What are some abnormal UA results?

A 
pH: higher/lower than 5-9   (acidity could indicate a UTI or kidney stones)
glucose: pos
odor: pos
ketones: present
nitrites: pos
leukocyte: pos
blood in urine: yes
crystals: yes
36
Q

What are the 3 types of catheters?

A
  1. straight cath
  2. indwelling cath
  3. suprapubic cath
37
Q

Straight Catheter

A

immediate draining of bladder & removed right after

38
Q

Indwelling Catheter

A

aka foley, balloon inflates at the tip to hold it in place

39
Q

Suprapubic Catheter

A

used for continuous drainage when urethra must be bypassed (surgery or obstruction)

40
Q

What is the first nursing priority when decreased urine output with indwelling Foley catheter?

A

Check it for kinks, placement, or blockage

41
Q

What is urinary diversion? Why is it necessary?

A

It’s a surgically created opening for urine elimination (they don’t eliminate urine from urethra, but instead from a stoma). It’s necessary for patients who don’t have control of urination or if they have urinary defects or trauma.

42
Q

What’s the importance of handwashing?

A

To prevent the spread of germs & infection

43
Q

What’s a nosocomial infection?

A

Hospital acquired infection

44
Q

What is asepsis?

A

The absence of all microorganisms

45
Q

What is clean?

A

free of visible soil

46
Q

What is disinfect?

A

the removal of pathogens by chemical means

47
Q

What’s sterile?

A

free of microorganisms (except prions)

48
Q

How many grams is 1 kg?

A

1 kg = 1000 g

49
Q

How many pounds is 1 kg?

A

1 kg = 2.2 lbs

50
Q

How many mL is 1 L?

A

1 L = 1000 mL

51
Q

How many mL is 1 oz?

A

1 oz. = 30 mL

52
Q

What is specific gravity & why is it important?

A

Specific gravity is a measure of dissolved solutes in a solution. It’ll show if you’re well hydrated, dehydrated, etc.) Normal specific gravity: 1.010 – 1.025 (below 1.010 means excess hydration, above 1.025 means dehydrated)

53
Q

How much urine do the kidneys typically produce?

A

60 mL of urine/per hour

54
Q

Elevated BUN, elevated Creatinine, elevated Potassium & low blood PH are signs of what?

A

renal failure

55
Q

What is cystitis?

A

infection of the bladder (doesn’t result in abnormal renal function)

56
Q

What’s the effect of renal calculi?

A

produce blood in urine

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