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FoundSci Unit 8 > Urinary Histology > Flashcards

Urinary Histology Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

What is the kidney composed of?

A

Hilum

Renal sinus

Capsule

Cortex

Medulla

Minor calyx

Major calyx

Kidney lobe

Kidney lobule

Uriniferous Tubule = Nephron + Collecting duct

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2
Q

What is the hilum?

A

A depression in the kidney’s concave surface that is the main inlet/outlet for all the tubes

Opens into renal sinus

Where vessels, nerves, and ureter pass into or leave the kidney

Renal pelvis in the expanded, proximal end of the ureter

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3
Q

What is the renal sinus?

A

Fat filled cavity enclosing the renal artery(ies), veins, and lymph vessels

Encloses the ureter and nerve fibers

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4
Q

What are the inner and outer layers of the capsule of the kidney?

A

Outer layer - collagen and fibroblasts

Inner layer - collagen and myofibroblasts

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5
Q

What is the cortex?

A

Outer region of the kidney

90-95% of blood flowing through the kidney is in the cortex where it is filtered through the glomeruli

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6
Q

What does the cortex consist of?

A

Consists of alternating regions of cortical labyrinth and medullary rays

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7
Q

What does the cortical labyrinth contain?

A

Renal corpuscles

Convoluted tubules (PCT, DCTS)

Connecting tubules

“Curly” structures

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8
Q

What does the medullary rays contain?

A

Medullary tissue that extends from the base of the pyramid into the cortex and consists of

Straight tubules (proximal and distal)

Collecting ducts

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9
Q

What is the medulla?

A

Inner region of the kidney

5-10% of blood flowing through the kidney is in the medulla and consists of renal pyramids and renal columns

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10
Q

What are renal pyramids?

A

Within medulla

8-18 per kidney

Apex (renal papilla) - area cribrosa that consists on about 20 openings of the papillary ducts (of Bellini). Projects and empties into minor calyx

Base at corticomedullary border

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11
Q

What are the renal columns of Bertin?

A

Peninsulas of cortical tissues that are in medulla

Consists of straight tubules and collecting ducts

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12
Q

What is the minor calyx?

A

Receives urine from one renal pyramid

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13
Q

What is the major calyx?

A

Receives urine from multiple minor calices

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14
Q

What is the kidney lobe?

A

Human kidney is multi-lobar ad consists of:

Renal pyramid (number of pyramids = number of lobes)

Associated renal columns

Associated cortical tissue at the base of the pyramid

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15
Q

What is the kidney lobule?

A

Consists of central medullary ray and surrounding cortical tissue

Each lobule contains:
a collecting duct and all nephrons that empty into the collecting duct

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16
Q

What is the uriniferous tubule?

A

Nephron + Collecting Duct

Consists of epithelium and is covered by basal lamina on its exterior, includes the papillary ducts

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17
Q

What is the nephron and what is it composed of?

A

Structural and functional unit of the kidney

Composed of:
Renal corpuscle
Glomerulus
Bowman’s Capsule
Bowman’s Space
Vascular Pole
Urinary Pole
Filtration barrier
Proxima Tubule
Distal Tubule
Connecting Tubules

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18
Q

What brings blood in and out of renal corpuscle and what does fluid diffuse into?

A

Afferent arteriole bring blood to capillary bed (larger lumen)

Efferent arteriole takes blood away (smaller lumen)

Fluid diffuses out of the capillary system into the urinary space

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19
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

Cluster of fenestrated capillaries

Surrounded by Bowman’s capsule

Ultrafiltrate oozes out of the glomerulus by passing through the filtration barrier

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20
Q

What is Bowman’s Capsule and what doe sit consist of?

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A

Proximal end of the nephron

Visceral layer of capsule - covers capsule and is made of podocytes and pedicels. Filtration slits covered by diaphragm made of nephrin

Parietal layer - simple squamous epithelium, covered by basal lamina

21
Q

What is Bowman’s space?

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A

Urinary space

Space between visceral and parietal layers of Bowman’s capsule

Contains ultrafiltrate

22
Q

What is the vascular pole?

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A

Site where afferent glomerular arteriole enters the renal corpuscle and site where efferent glomerular arteriole leaves the renal corpuscle

23
Q

What is the urinary pole?

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A

Contains the initial part of proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

24
Q

What is the filtration barrier?

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A

Consists of endothelial surface layer of glomerular capillaries

Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillary

Basal lamina

Subpodocyte space

Visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule

25
What is part of the proximal tubule?
Proximal Convoluted Tubule Proximal Straight Tubule Thin Limbs of the Loop of Henle
26
What is the structure of the proximal convoluted tubule?
Composed of simple cuboidal epithelium Intensely acidophilic Contains microvilli
27
What is the structure of the proximal straight tubule?
Thick descending limb of the loop of Henle Similar to PCT
28
What are the thin limbs of the loop of Henle?
Includes thin descending limb, Henle's loop, and thin ascending limb (lined with simple squamous epithelium)
29
What is part of distal tubule?
Distal Straight Tubule Macula Densa Distal Convoluted Tubule
30
What is the structure of the distal straight tubule?
=Thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle Low cuboidal epithelium with few microvilli More mitochondria than cells of PCT Similar to DCT
31
What is the macula densa?
Modified segment of the distal tubule located next to the afferent arteriole, between afferent and efferent arterioles
32
What is the structure of the distal convoluted tubule?
Much shorter and less tortuous than the PCT Wide, clear lumen Smaller cells, more cells
33
What is the cortical collecting duct?
Part of uriniferous tubules but not the nephron DCT empties into a connecting tubule that drains into a cortical collecting duct or a medullary collecting duct
34
What is the Papillary Ducts of Bellini?
Continuation of the medullary collecting ducts Open in the area cribrosa Lined with tall columnar epithelium
35
What does the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus consist of and control?
Consists of the macula densa, the JG cells, and the extraglomerular mesangial cells Controls blood pressure by activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
36
What are the JG cells?
Cells of the afferent glomerular arteriole Modified smooth muscle cells in the tunica media of the afferent glomerular arteriole Contain renin
37
What are the extraglomerular mesangial cells?
Reside in the interval bordered by the afferent arteriole, maculas densa, efferent arteriole, and the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle Cells play a role in blood pressure regulation
38
What is the renal interstitium?
Contains a small amount of connective tissue, fibroblasts, macrophages
39
What is the blood supply of the kidney?
Renal artery Anterior and posterior division Segmental arteries Lobar arteries Interlobar arteries Arcuate arteries Interlobar arteries Afferent glomerular arteries
40
What occurs to the macula dense if there is a drop in blood pressure and sodium concentration or filtrate volume falls too low?
1. Causes dilation of the afferent glomerular arterioles, increasing blood flow into the glomerulus 2. Instructs the juxtoglomerular cells to release renin
41
What occurs when blood pressure falls too low and renin is released?
Renin converts angiotensin to angiotensin 1 (mild vasoconstrictor) Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 Angiotensin 2 increases blood pressure
42
How does Angiotensin 2 increase blood pressure?
Potent systemic vasoconstrictor Increases thirst Synthesis and release of aldosterone (resorbs NaCl) Release of ADH - resorbs water from the lumen of CT Inhibits renin release - feedback inhibition Release of prostaglandins - targeted vasodilation of afferent glomerular arteriole
43
What lines the minor calices, major calices, ureter, urinary bladder, and proximal segment of the urethra?
Transitional epithelium
44
What is the uroepithelium facing the lumen coated in?
Rigid urothelial plaques with hinge regions between them Plaques consists of uroplakins, transmembrane proteins that with tight junction make an impermeable barrier on surface of urothelium
45
What is the structure of the major and minor calices and renal pelvis?
Minor Calyx- covered by transitional epithelium, lamina propria, and smooth muscle layer Major Calyx - receives urine from minor calices, same structure as minor Renal pelvis is similar structure
46
What is the ureter and its layers?
Delivers urine to the urinary bladder via peristaltic waves produced by the muscular layers of the ureter Composed of: Mucosa - contains folds when ureter empty, transitional epith, basal lamina, lamina propria with dense irregular fibroelastic CT Muscularis - upper 2/3 has an outer circular layer and inner longitudinal. lower 1/3 has an extra longitudinal layer, middle circular, inner longitudinal Fibrous CT covering
47
What are the layers of the urinary bladder?
Mucosa - has folds when empty, transitional epith, lamina propria with superificial (dense irreg collag CT) and deep layer (loose layer of collager and elastic fiber CT) Muscularis - 3 layers of smooth muscle, middle layer forms internal sphincter Adventitia - dense irregular collagenous CT, elastic fibers Serosa - covers part of bladder
48
What are the layers of the female urethra?
Mucosa - transitional epith near bladder. rest is stratified squamous nonkeratinized, lamina propria is fibroelastic with glands of Littre Muscularis - inner longitudinal layer and outer circular External urethral sphincter - skeletal muscle where urethra comes through the UG diaphragm
49
What are the layers of the male urethra?
Prostatic urethra - in prostate, transitional epith Membranous urethra - through UG diaphragm, lined by stratified columnar epithelium Spongy urethra - through corpus spongiosum, most lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stratified squamous nonkeratinized near glans Lamina propria - loose fibroelastic tissue, vascular, glands of Littre Muscularis: Prostatic + Membranous have two layers of smooth muscle, inner long and outer circ Muscularis of membranous urethra surrounded by external urethral sphincter Spongy urethra has 3 layers - inner long, middle circ, outer long

FoundSci Unit 8 (10 decks)

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