Urinary lecture 1

Question 1

maintaining the balance of these is critical for survival

Answer 1

fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

Question 2

the human body is composed of

Answer 2

solid and liquid components

Question 3

body water composition differs between men and women, and according to age and relative body fat. what are the rough guidelines for given populations?

Answer 3

infants: 73%
healthy young men: 60%
healthy young women: 50%
elderly: 45%

Question 4

this tissue is the least hydrated

Answer 4

adipose tissue
>20% water

Question 5

water content for skeletal tissue

Answer 5

75%

Question 6

these 2 things make up most solid components of the body:

Answer 6

proteins and lipids

Question 7

what are the 2 main fluid components in the human body?

Answer 7

intracellular fluid & extracellular fluid (plasma and interstitial fluid)

Question 8

intercellular fluid (ICF)

Answer 8

compartment (2/3)
all fluid within the body’s cells

Question 9

extracellular fluid:

Answer 9

compartment 1/3
plasma- liquid part of blood
interstitial fluid- in spaces between cells (lymph, csf, synovial fluid, aqueous and vitreous humors)

Question 10

water serves as:

Answer 10

the universal solvent in which all solvents are dissolved

Question 11

all body fluid consists of:

Answer 11

solvents and solutes

Question 12

solutes:

Answer 12

electrolytes: dissociate into ions in water
nonelectrolytes: usually formed by cobalent bonds, so don’t dissociate

Question 13

the bulk of dissolved molecules are

Answer 13

large proteins called nonelectrolytes such as phospholipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides

Question 14

fluid movement between compartments is constant and depends on

Answer 14

osmotic and hydrostatic pressures

Question 15

hydrostatic pressure:

Answer 15

pressure of fluid in a system (like a capillary)

Question 16

osmotic pressure:

Answer 16

measure of the tendency of a solvent to move into a more concentrated solution

Question 17

anything that changes solute concentration in compartment leads to water movement

Answer 17

water follows solutes! almost always

Question 18

osmosis occurs in most cells because

Answer 18

they have an abundance of aquaporins in their plasma membrane

Question 19

water (solvent) mover freely between compartments of cells, however solutes:

Answer 19

depend on transport proteins

Question 20

exchange between plasma and IF occurs where

Answer 20

across capillaries
(balance of hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure)

Question 21

exchange between IF and ICF occurs across cell membranes and depends on

Answer 21

membrane permeability (channels and transporters)

Question 22

water balance is maintained by:

Answer 22

1. thirst mechanism
2. blood volume/pressure
3. antidiuretic hormone
4. electrolyte balance
5. renin-angeitensin-aldosterone mechanism
6. atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 23

dehydration:

Answer 23

leads to increased osmolaty in ECF, dry mount
stimulates thrist and activates hormonal systems working at the kidney to conserve water

Question 24

chain of events : dehydration

Answer 24

1. excessive loss of H2- from ECF
2. ECF osmotic pressure rises
3. cells lose h2O to ECF by osmosis; cells shrink

Question 25

overhydration:

Answer 25

decreases input to thirst center

Question 26

overhydration : chain of events

Answer 26

1. excessive h2O enters the ECF 2. ECF osmotic pressure falls 3. H2O moves into cells by osmosis, cells swell

Question 27

regulation of sodium balance

Answer 27

1. sodium is most abundant cation in ECF 2. only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure 3. controls ECF volume and water distribution because water follows salt. Changes in Na+ levels affect plasma volume, blood pressure, and ICF and IF volumes! Regulating dietary sodium intake is a major strategy in control of blood pressure

Question 28

T/F regulating dietary sodium is a strategy for controlling blood pressure

Answer 28

true

Question 29

blood and tissue pH is maintained over a very small range:

Answer 29

normal arterial pH 7.35-7.45

Question 30

each digit jump in pH represents this change in hydrogen ion concentration

Answer 30

10-fold change in hydrogen ion concentration

Question 31

higher number on the pH scale have

Answer 31

lower hydrogen concentration (H+)

Question 32

this system is the bodies purification plant

Answer 32

urinary system

Question 33

what are the 6 major functions of the kidneys?

Answer 33

1. regulate total volume of water in the body and the total concentration of solutes (osmolality) 2. regulate the concentration of ions in the extracellular fluids 3. regulate long term acid-base balance 4. excrete metabolic wastes and foreigns substances (drugs and toxins) 5. producing hormones (erythropoietin, renin) 6. converting vitamin d to its active form

Question 34

define urinary:

Answer 34

organ system responsible for water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance, removals of nitrogenous wastes, urine production and excretion. ex. urinary tract infection

Question 35

renal

Answer 35

of or related to the kidneys ex. renal pyramids

Question 36

nephro-

Answer 36

of or related to the kidneys ex. nephrology

Question 37

urinary organs & functions

Answer 37

1. kidneys: filter blood and form urine 2. ureter: long muscular tubes that transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder 3. urinary bladder: muscular organ that stores urine 4. urethra- tube that transmits urine from bladder to exterior

Question 38

renal hilium:

Answer 38

at medial edge, is connection point for ureters, renal artery, and renal vein, lympthatic, and nerves

Question 39

the kidneys are supported by 3 layers of tissue

Answer 39

1. fibrous capsule: thin layer of dense regular connective tissue surrounding the kidney 2. renal fascia: outer dense fibrous connective tissue anchoring kidney to surrounding structures 3. perirenal fat capsule: fatty mass that protects kidney

Question 40

the internal structure of kidney includes:

Answer 40

outer cortex & inner medulla

Question 41

renal cortex

Answer 41

superficial layer with granular appearance

Question 42

Renal Medulla

Answer 42

Medullary (renal) pyramids – cone- shaped tissue that appear striped due to parallel bundles of urine collecting tubes and capillaries * Renal Columns – inward extensions of cortex separating pyramids * Lobes – pyramid surrounded by cortical tissue

Question 43

The Kidneys have a rich blood supply

Answer 43

* receive one-fourth of total cardiac output (about 1200 ml/min) * Renal artery is a branch of abdominal aorta: branches to every lobe * Branches into cortex send an Afferent Arteriole to each nephron * Venous blood collected into renal vein and sent to inferior vena cava

Question 44

nephron:

Answer 44

basic structural and functional unit of the kidney

Question 45

what are the 2 parts of the nephron

Answer 45

1. renal copuscle : responsible for filtering the blood and forming pre urine 2. renal tuble: adjusts contents of pre-urine to form urine.

Question 46

functions of the renal tube:

Answer 46

1. removes 99% of water from preurine and returns it to the blood 2. concentrates urine 3. adjusts ion levels 4. adjusts pH

Question 47

collecting duct:

Answer 47

multiple nephrons empty here and each renal pyramid will have many ducts

Question 48

calyces:

Answer 48

funnel final urine from collecting ducts toward renal pelvis

Question 49

chain of events: renal pelvis

Answer 49

Urine drains continuously from papilla of renal pyramids and empties into a minor calyx * Several minor calyces drain into a major calyx * 3-5 major calyces drain into the renal pelvis * Urine leaves the kidney at the point where the renal pelvis becomes the ureter

Question 50

urine passes through urinary system: order of events.

Answer 50

* Kidneys form urine continuously – collected by renal pelvis which drains into ureter * Ureters deliver urine to urinary bladder * Urinary bladder stores urine until time for urination * During urination, urine leaves bladder through urethra and out of body

Question 51

ureters:

Answer 51

deliver urine to urinary bladder

Question 52

urinary bladder:

Answer 52

stores urine until time for urination