urinary, male & female reproductive systems Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
what are two things ovaries produce
A
produce secondary oocytes
produce hormones
2
Q
what hormones do ovaries make
A
estrogen
progesterone
inhibin
relaxin
3
Q
what is the function of fallopian tubes/oviducts/uterine tubes
A
transport secondary oocytes to uterus (unfertilized)
transport fertilized eggs to uterus (zygotes)
4
Q
what is the function of the uterus
A
receives fertilized egg form uterine tube
provides location for embryonic & fetal development
5
Q
what is the vagina
A
birth canal
6
Q
what is the vulva or pudendum
A
the external genitals of the female
7
Q
what are the ovaries
A
egg receptacles
paired glands that resemble unshelled almonds in size & shape
8
Q
what are the ligaments in the female reproductive system
A
broad ligament
ovarian ligament
suspensory ligament
9
Q
what is the mesovarium
A
double layered fold of peritoneum which attaches broad ligament to the ovaries
10
Q
how does the ovarian ligament work
A
anchors ovaries to uterus
11
Q
broad ligament
A
part of parietal peritoneum
12
Q
how does the suspensory ligament work
A
attaches ovaries to pelvic wall
13
Q
what is the hilus of ovary
A
point of exit & entrance for blood vessels & nerves
14
Q
germinal epithelium
A
layer of simple epithelium ( cuboidal or squamous)
covers ovarian surface
15
Q
tunica albuginea
A
whitish capsule of dense irregular connective tissue deep to germinal epithelium
covering of ovary
16
Q
ovarian cortex
A
deep to “b”
contains ovarian follicles
made of dense connective tissue
17
Q
ovarian medulla
A
deep to ovarian cortex
contains blood vessels, lympahtics, nerves
made of loose connective tissue
18
Q
ovarian follicles
A
located in cortex
consists of oocytes in varies stages of development & surrounding cells
19
Q
follicular cells
A
single layer
nourish oocytes
20
Q
granulosa cells
A
several layers
produce estrogens
21
Q
mature ovarian follicle (graafian follicle)
A
large fluid filled follicle that soon will rupture & expel a secondary oocyte
22
Q
corpus luteum
A
yellow body
what is left of graafian follicle after ovulation
produces progesterone, estogens, relaxin & inhibin until it degenerates
23
Q
corpus albicans
A
white body
24
Q
oogenesis
A
formation of gametes(ova) in the ovary
25
diploid cells
2n
| have 46 chromosomes (somatic cells)
26
haploid cells
n
| have 23 chromosomes ( ova & sperm)
27
primordial cells
germs cells which migrate to ovaries during early fetal development from endoderm of yolk sac
28
oogonia
derived from primordial cells
| produce millions of germ cells which have 46 chromosomes (in HB"s)
29
primordial follicle
each primary oocyte plus surrounding follicular cells in a single layer
30
zona pellucida
forms between primary oocyte & granulosa cells
31
corona radiata
innermost layer of granulosa cells which attaches to zona pellucida
32
which cells secrete follicular fluid which builds up in the antrum
granulosa cells
33
the primary follicle develops into what
secondary follicle
34
after puberty what hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) to stimulate progress of oogenesis
gonadotrophic hormones
35
what cell completes meiosis I and produces 2 haploid cells each containing 23 chromosomes
diploid primary oocyte (2n)
36
secondary oocyte
larger cell
receives most of cytoplasm
proceeds to meiosis II and stops
37
what cell ruptures releasing its secondary oocyte and ovulation takes place
graafian follicle (mature follicle)
38
what happens to the secondary oocyte after its released
its expelled into the pelvic cavity and swept into the fallopian tube
39
what happens if fertilization doent occur
the secondary oocyte degenerates
40
if a single sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte then what resumes
meiosis II
41
what happens to the second polar body when the oocyte splits into 2 cells
degenerates
42
what unites to form a fertilized egg
the nuclei of the ovum and the sperm cell
43
infundibulum
funnel shaped portion of each tube
44
fimbriae
numerous fingerlike projections which extend from infundibulum
45
ampulla
widest longest portion of uterine tube
46
isthmus
medial short narrow thick walled portion that joins the uterus
47
ectopic pregnancy
tubal pregnancy
48
fundus of uterus
dome shaped portion superior to uterine tubes
49
cervix
inferior narrow portion of uterus
50
what are the 3 layers of tissue of the uterine wall
endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium
51
anteflexior
normal uterus bends anteriorly near its base
52
retroflexion
uterus bends back toward sacrum
53
what are the characteristics of the vagina
```
elastic muscular tube from cervix
vestibule copulatory organ
receives penis during sexual intercourse
holds spermatozoa prior to passage
birth canal
passageway for fetus & menses
```
54
clitoris
erogeneous organ just anterior to vaginal entrance
becomes engorged during sexual arousal
contains erectile tissue
55
scrotum
supporting structure for the testes
| consist of a sac of loose skin + superficial fascia hangs from root of penis
56
raphe
medium ridge separating external pouch of scrotum into 2 lateral portions
57
scrotal septum
divides internal scrotum into 2 sacs each containing a single testis
58
what muscle surrounds the testes and continues upward into the abdominal wall and causes wrinkling of the skin of the scrotum
dartos muscle
59
what muscle in the spermatic cord elevates the testes in the cold & lowers them in the warm to regulate the temperature
cremaster muscle
60
what must the temperature of the testes remain at to insure normal sperm production
2-3 Celicus below core body temperature
61
cryptorchidism
when one or both testes have not descended by the time of birth
62
can sperm be produced with cryptorchidism
no
63
testes
paired oval glands which produce sperm & sex hormone testosterone
64
where do testes develop
near the kidneys
65
what must happen before birth in order for the testes to produce viable sperm
they must descend through the inguinal canal into the scrotum
66
tunica
sheaths of the testes
67
tunica albuginea
white fibrous coat of testicle
| serous membrane
68
seminiferous tubules
tightly coiled tubules where sperm are produced
| 1-3 in each lobule
69
rete testis
maze of passageways which form a network of ducts leading from the straight tubules to the coiled efferent ducts
70
what are the 3 parts of the epididymis
head
body
tail
71
epididymis
tightly coiled structure lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium encircled by layers of smooth muscle
72
stereocilia
long branching microvilli that increase surface area for reabsorption of degenerated sperm
73
what are the functions of the epipdidymis
site where sperm motility increases 10-14 days
storage place for sperm for month or more
helps propel sperm by peristalsis of smooth muscle into vas deferens
recycles damaged spermatozoa
monitors & adjusts composition of tubular fluid
74
ductus deferens or vas defernes
18 inch tube thu which semen containing sperm travels to the terminal portion of itself
75
how is sperm move to different parts
peristalsis caused by contractions & relaxation of the muscular coat
76
what is the function of the ejaculatory duct
ejects sperm & seminal vesicle secretions just before ejaculation
77
urethra
extends from urinary bladder to tip of penis
78
what are the 3 regions of the urethra in males
prostatic 1 inch
membranous 1/2 inch
penile (spongy) 6-8 inches
79
what are the functions of the penis
copulatory organ
introduces spermatozoa into the vagina
organ of sexual intercourse
80
what does sexual stimulation cause in the male
arteries supplying blood sinuses of erectile tissue dilate
large quantities of blood enter sinuses
veins carrying blood away r compressed
blood entering arteries remain & is retainedd
81
parasympathetic reflex
vascular changes the result in an erection
82
what happens when the pressure on the veins in the penis is relieved by constriction of the arteries
the erection ends and the penis becomes flaccid again
83
what happens during ejaculation so that urine is not expelled and semen does not enter the urinary bladder
the smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the bladder closes
84
root of the penis
fixed portion which attaches penis to body wall
85
body of penis is called what
shaft
86
glans
expanded distal end which surrounds external urinary meatus
87
prepuce
forskin
88
circumcision
removal of the foreskin
89
corona
ring around glans
| crown
90
external urethral orifice (meatus)
slit like opening of the penis
91
seminal vesicles
tubular glands between the posterior male urinary bladder wall and the rectum
92
what are the active glands and secrete 60 % of volume of semen
seminal vesicles
93
secretions of seminal vesicles contain what
fructose (sugar)
prostaglandins (hormone for smooth muscle contractions)
fibrinogen (to form clot in vagina neutralizes acid in vagina)
94
prostate gland
donut shaped gland which surrounds prostatic urethra of male
95
prostate gland secretes what
prostatic fluid
96
prostatic fluid contains what
20% of semen
| seminal plasmin an antibiotic to help prevent infection
97
benign hypertrophy
non malignant enlargement interferes with urination because it constricts urethra
98
bulbourethral glands (cowpers glands)
situated at base of penis
secretions help to neutralize urinary tract acidity
provides lubrication of glans penis
99
spermatogenesis
process by which sperm cells or spermatozoa are formed
100
spermatogonia or sperm mother cells are produced by who
the seminiferous tubules of the testes
101
spermatogonia contain how many chromosomes
46 chromosomes
102
spermatogonia separate from the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule and become known as what
primary spermatocytes with 46 chromosomes
103
reduction division or meiosis I is to do what
separation of homologous chromosomes from 46 (2n) to23 (n)
104
meiosis II or equatorial division results in what
formation of spermatids
each contains half original chromosomes number = 23
haploid (n)
105
each primary spermatocyte produces what
four spermatids by meiosis (reduction division) and (equatorial division)
106
each spermatozoa embeds in a sustentacular cell (sertoli cell) and develops what
a head with an acrosome
| flagellum (tail)
107
spermiation
a process of releasing a spermatozoon (sperm cell) from a sustentacular cell
108
each spermatid develops into what
a single spermatozoon (sperm cell)
109
sperm complete their maturation in 10-14 days after they migrate to what
ductus epididymis
110
nephrons
units that perform major functions of urinary systems
111
what are the 3 important functions of the nephrons
control blood conentrations & volume
help regulate blood pH (7.4)
remove toxic wastes from the blood
112
to produce urine nephrons + collecting ducts perform what 3 basic processes
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion
113
glomerular filtration
removing many materials from the blood
114
tubular reabsorption
returning the ones the body requires
| 99% of filtrate returned to blood
115
tubular secretion
adds materials to the filtrate from the blood
| remainder of filtrate is urine eliminated from body
116
glomerular filtration is forcing of fluids & dissolved substances by pressure by 3 ways
endothelium restricts passage of blood cells by pores
basement membrane restricts passage of large proteins
slit membrane & filtration slits between pedicels restrict passage of medium proteins
117
GFR (glomerular filtration rate)
amount of filtrate that flows out of all the renal corpuscles of both kidneys every minuet
adult 125mls/min 180 liters/day
118
```
characteristics of normal urine
volume
color
turbity
odor
pH
specific gravity
```
```
1-2 liters in 24 hours
yellow or amber varies with diet
transparent when fresh becomes turbid upon standing
aromatic but becomes ammonia like
4.6-8.0 average 6.0 varies with diet
1.001-1.035
```
119
what are the organic solutes found in urine
```
urea
creatinine
uric acid
hippuric acid
ketone bodies
```
120
what are the inorganic solutes found in urine
```
nacl
k+
so42
po43+
nh4+
mg2+
ca2+
```
121
glomerular filtrate
the fluid that enters the capsular space
122
filtration
the use of pressure to force fluids & solutes through a membrane
123
filtration membrane
fenestrated endothelial cells of glomerular capillaries + podocytes form this leaky barrier which permits filtration of h20 + small solutes and preventes filtration of plasma proteins blood cells and platelets
124
mesangial cells
contractile cells which help regulate glomerular filtration
125
podocytes
squamous epithelial cells that form the visceral layer of the glomerulus
126
renal corpuscle
consist of a glomerular capsule (bowmans) and a glomerulus
127
capsular (bowmans) space
place where fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries is collected
128
macula densa
a collection of cells crowded together in the final part of the ascending limb of the loop of henle
129
juxtaglomerular cells (JG)
modified smooth muscle fibers in the wall of the afferent arteriole
130
juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
JG + macula densa together help regulate bp within kidneys
131
the homeostatis of body fluids depends on
kidneys maintain a stable glomerular filtration rate
125mls/min in males
105mls/min in females
132
what happens when the GFR is too high
loss of needed substances in urine
133
what happens when the GFR is too low
reabsorption of all filtrate
| retention of some waste products
134
how is renal autoregulation accomplished
myogenic mechanism
| tubuloglemerular feedback
135
myogenic mechanism
stretching triggers contraction of smooth muscles which slows flow rate
136
tubuloglemerular feedback
macula densa feeds back to glomerulus when GFR is above normal + decreases secretion of NO
blood vessels constrict
blood flow thu glomerulus decreases
GFR decreses (negative feedback)
