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Abdominal-Urinary Part 2 > Urinary/Part 2 > Flashcards

Urinary/Part 2 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

The adrenal glands are situated:

A

superior anterior and medial to the kidneys bilaterally

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2
Q

Triangular shape:

A

RT

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3
Q

Crescent shape:

A

LT

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4
Q

Who can adrenal glands be seen well in?

A

Infants and young adults

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5
Q

Adrenal glands are abnormal if seen in:

A

adults

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6
Q

Adrenal Glands

Cortex is _______% of gland

A

90%

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7
Q

Adrenal Glands

What does the cortex produce?

A

steroid hormones-regulated by the pituitary

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8
Q

Adrenal Glands

What does the Adrenal Medulla produce?

A

Caticolmines–epinepherine and adrenaline

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9
Q

Adrenal Glands

The Caticolmines–epinepherine and adrenaline are responsible for:

A

Fight or Flight response

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10
Q

Adrenal Glands

Metastatic disease–________th most common site for mets

A

4th

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11
Q

Metastatic disease is most common from:

A

lung and renal cell carcinoma

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12
Q

Metastatic disease often occurs:

A

bilaterally

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13
Q

Sonographic findings of metastaic disease in the adrenal glands:

A

Hyopechoic, 4 cm in size round/oval; large mass displaces kidney inferiorly

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14
Q

Adrenal Glands

Are cysts common or uncommon?

A

uncommon

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15
Q

Adrenal Glands

What are the clinical symptoms of cysts?

A

none

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16
Q

Adrenal Glands

Cysts are found:

A

unilateral and incidentally

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17
Q

Adrenal Glands

Cysts vary:

A

in size

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18
Q

Adrenal Glands

Are most cysts benign?

A

yes

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19
Q

Adrenal Glands

Sonographic findings of cysts:

A

Ring calcifications around cyst indicative for malignancy

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20
Q

Adrenal Glands

Hemorrhages are most common in:

A

neonates

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21
Q

Adrenal Glands

Hemorrhage is cased by: (2 things)

A

large size gland and trauma during birth

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22
Q

Adrenal Glands

Hemorrhage in an adult is associated with: (5 things)

A

anti-coagulation therapy, liver transplant, surgery, trauma or tumor

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23
Q

Adrenal Glands

Chronic primary hypoadrenalism=Addison’s Disease–what is this?

A

Atrophy of glands due to insufficient secretions of hormones

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24
Q

Adrenal Glands

Is chronic primary hypoadrenalism/Addison’s Disease common or uncommon?

Study These Flashcards
A

Uncommon, usually occurs from autoimmune disorder or TB

25
Adrenal Glands | Symptoms of chronic primary hypoadrenalism/Addison's Disease:
* depends on level: fatigue, muscle weakness, hypotension, Gi disease * depends on administering steroids
26
Adrenal Glands | Sonographic findings of chronic primary hyopadrenalism/Addison's Disease:
When caused by TB, glands are enlarged firm and nodular thick capsule, hyperechoic with necrosis.
27
Adrenal Glands | What is Hyperadrenalism/Cushing's Syndrome, what is it caused by?
Excessive glucose production--pancreas no longer able to produce insulin and diabetes will occur
28
Adrenal Glands | With hyperadrenalism/Cushing's Syndrome, protein loss occurs, which results in:
weakened muscle and elastic tissue
29
Adrenal Glands | Symptoms of hyperadrenalism/Cushing's Syndrome:
Poor wound healing, susceptible to tearing and bruising; red whelps on thighs and abdomen; hypertension in 90% of cases
30
Adrenal Glands | What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia? What does it overstimulate?
* It is a congenital deficiency of an enzyme | * Over stimulates pathway for steroid hormone production
31
Adrenal Glands | What does congenital adrenal hyperplasia result in?
Virilazation--process in which male characteristics are acquired by females
32
Adrenal Glands | Clinical findings of congenital adrenal hyperplasia: (3)
* Hursitism--excessive body hair * New born girls will have ambiguous genitalia * Precocious puberty--abnormally early development of puberty
33
Adrenal Glands | With congenital adrenal hyperplasia, the glands are:
symmetrically enlarged
34
Adrenal Glands/Cortical Tumors | Adrenal adenoma--
hyperfunctioning or nonfunctioning
35
Are adrenal adenomas usually benign?
Yes, most are benign
36
Adrenal adenomas are poorly encapsulated tumors that range in size from:
1-5 cm
37
Adrenal adenoma consists of:
lipid filled cells that don't secrete hormones
38
Adrenal Adenoma--single nodule larger than:
1cm
39
Adrenal adenoma is ________ to detect with US
difficult
40
Adrenal Adenoma may cause:
Cushing's Syndrome
41
Adrenal Glands | What are myelolipomas?
rare benign tumor of the cortex
42
When are Myelolipomas found?
between the 4th and 6th decades of life
43
Myelolipomas are mostly found:
post mortem
44
What are the symptoms for myelolipomas?
Asymptomatic--fatty and bone marrow elements
45
Sonographic findings for myelolipomas:
hyperechoic mass in adrenal bed
46
Adrenal Glands | Adenocarcinomas produce:
steroids; those that don't are highly malignant
47
How do you treat adenocarcinomas?
Remove tumor or do a biopsy to see if surgery is necessary--based on size--3-6 cm
48
What are the sonographic findings for adenocarcinomas? (4)
Small homogenous, large-necrosis, hemorrhage or calcifications
49
Adenocarcinomas tend to invade: (4 places)
renal veins, IVC, HVs and Rt. atrium
50
Adrenal Gland Malignancies | Metastasis is most commonly from:
primary of lung, breast, stomach, colon or kidney
51
Metastasis cause:
adrenal insufficiency
52
Sonographic findings of metastasis:
* glands will vary in size and echogenicity | * Central necrosis causes sonolucent areas w/in the tumors
53
What is pheochromocytoma? What is the incidents of malignancy?
* Excessive excretion of epinepherine and norepinepherine * Medullary pathology; 90% originates on medula * 5-10%=in malignancy
54
What are the symptoms of pheochromocytoma? (4)
high blood pressure headaches tachycardia excessive perspiration
55
Sonographic findings of pheochromocytoma: (4)
* large sharply marginated tumors * significant solid components * central hemorrhage and necrotic changes--common * can produce cystic component focal echogenic abnormalities
56
Adrenal Glands | What is neuroblastoma?
Highly malignant tumor of medulla; it is the MOST COMMON malignancy of the adrenal gland
57
How does neuroblastoma present and who is it most common in?
Abdominal mass in children usually < 4 yrs | *50% < 2 yrs
58
Neuroblastoma metastases to: (4)
lymph nodes, liver, lung and bone
59
Sonographic findings of neuroblastomas: (3)
* Inhomogenous echogenic solid mass * occasional calcifications and cystic degeneration * must be differentiated from Wilm's tumor

Abdominal-Urinary Part 2 (1 decks)

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