Urinary SS and Group Work

Question 0

How do you work out the filtered load?

Answer 0

Plasma conc x GFR

Question 1

How do you work out the fractional excretion?

Answer 1

[Cr] plasma x [Na] urine

[Cr] urine x [Na] plasma x100

Question 2

Define renal threshold

Answer 2

The plasma concentration of a substance that Tm is reached and substance starts spilling into the urine

Question 3

Define Tm

Answer 3

The point at which there is an increase in substance and does not increase movement across a membrane

Question 4

How do you work out the fractional reabsorption?

Answer 4

100 - FE

Question 5

What properties does a substance need to have to be used to calculate GFR?

Answer 5

Not reabsorped, secreted or metabolised

Question 6

Define clearance

Answer 6

The volume that can be completely removed from the plasma per unit time

Question 7

How do you calculate clearance?

Answer 7

Amount in urine x urine flow rate

Plasma concentration

Question 8

Why do you need secretion in the kidney?

Answer 8

Adding substances to the urine because there is an increased amount in the plasma
H+, K+, drugs eg

Question 9

What is glycosuria?

Answer 9

This is where there is an increase in glucose in the urine

Pregnancy, newborns, big meal, renal failure

Question 10

What is the order of arteries and veins in the kidney?

Answer 10

Renal arteries -> segmental -> inter lobular -> arcuate -> interlobular

Question 11

What percentage of the glomerular filtrate leaves the body?

Answer 11

1%

Question 12

Where is the drinking centre in the body?

Answer 12

Pre optic region of the hypothalamus

Question 13

When is thirst activated?

Answer 13

When the kidneys are starting to become affected and ADH does not help

Question 14

Where are osmoreceptors located?

Answer 14

Hypothalamus

Question 15

What urine does a decrease in plasma osmolarity lead to?

Answer 15

Dilute

Question 16

What prostaglandins are produced in the kidney?

Answer 16

Prostacyclin

Prostaglandin E2

Question 17

What is PTH stimulated by?

Answer 17

Chief cells

Question 18

What does calcitriol do?

Answer 18

Represses PTH

Can be synthesised from cholesterol in sun light

Question 19

What does PTH do?

Answer 19

Acts on DCT to stimulate calcium reabsorption

Stimulates the synthesis of vitamin d in the kidney

Question 20

What is the range of pCO2?

Answer 20

4.2-6 kPa

Question 21

What is the range of pO2?

Answer 21

9.8-14.2 kPa

Question 22

What is the range of hco3-?

Answer 22

22-29 mmol/L

Question 23

What is the range of K+?

Answer 23

3.5-5.3

Question 24

What does hypokalaemia cause?

Answer 24

Body can't form concentrated urine Alkalosis Increased renal nh4 excretion

Question 25

What is batters syndrome?

Answer 25

Hypokalaemia | Mimics loop duiretics

Question 26

What do ace inhibitors do in terms of potassium?

Answer 26

Hyperkalaemia | Depressed aldosterone which increases k+ retention

Question 27

What does Conns syndrome result in in terms of potassium?

Answer 27

Increase in aldosterone, K+ excretion, hypokalaemia

Question 28

What does chronic laxative disease result in?

Answer 28

Hypokalaemia because there is an increase in K+ lost from cells

Question 29

What is liddles syndrome?

Answer 29

Increase in sodium activity in DCT, increase in blood pressure, decrease in renin, decrease in potassium and alkalosis