Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy 2 > Urinary System 1 > Flashcards

Urinary System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 main components that make up the Urinary System

A

kidneys (2)
ureters (2)
Urinary bladder
urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Give the main function of the urinary system

A

maintaining homeostasis by controlling composition and volume of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the 3 main roles of the kidneys

A

remove waste, control blood pH, regulate blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the external structure of the kidneys

A

bean-shaped, reddish in colour, retro-peritoneal between levels T12-L3, protected by 11th & 12th ribs, right kidney is slightly lower, 10cm x 5cm x 3cm, upper pole of each kidney = closer to spine, convex lateral border, concave medial border where the hilus is found - where the ureter, blood vessels, lymph and nerve supply enter and leave the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the internal structure of the kidneys

A

surrounded by a fibrous capsule and made up of outer cortex and inner medulla, medulla house renal pyramid which form collecting ducts, renal cortex and renal pyramids make up the parenchyma - ‘functioning’ portion of kidney - houses the nephrons - regulate blood composition and produce filtrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe what happens to the filtrate

A

drains through large papillary ducts from the nephrons, through the renal papillae of the renal pyramids into cup like extensions called calyces, filtrate drains firstly into the minor calyces (8-18) and then onto the major calcyes (3)

this route allows for reabsorption of water for the body’s needs, once filtrate enters the calyces it becomes urine as no further reabsorption will take place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe where the calyces open into

A

open into the renal pelvis where the ureter leaves the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe nephrons

A

the ‘functional’ unit of the kidney, consist of a renal corpuscle where blood plasma is filtered and the renal tubule in which the filtered fluid passes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the renal corpuscle of the nephrons

A

made up of a glomerulus (capillary network) and Bowman’s capsule or glomerular - double walled epithelial cup which surrounds the glomerular capillaries, blood passes through the capillary network and is filtered into the tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give the tubule route taken by the filtrate

A

through the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) > into loop of Henle > returns to distal convoluted tubule (DCT) > collecting ducts > papillary ducts > minor calcyes > major calyces > renal pelvis > ureter > leaves kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The glomerulus and the PCT & DCT all lie in the …

A

cortex of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The loop of Henle (descending and ascending limbs) lie in the …

A

medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe where glomerular filtration occurs

A

in the glomerular capillaries within the Bowman’s space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which parts of the renal tubule does the filtrate pass through

A

passes through the PCT, loop of Henle and DCT of renal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

close contact between the capillary network and the tubule allows …

A

for reabsorption and secretion to take place effectively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the role of microvilli

A

the tubule wall is made up of microvilli to increase the surface area for the reabsorption and secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe what the reabsorption is

A

99% water and useful solutes, which are returned to the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the tubule secrete

A

waste, drugs and excess ions for excretion

19
Q

Describe the reabsorption of glomerular filtrate

A

within the renal tubule it is very effective

20
Q

glomerular filtration can be altered depending on …

A

the needs of the body

21
Q

Describe glomerular blood pressure in the renal tubule

A

its greater than elsewhere in the body thereby increasing the potential for filtration across the membranes

22
Q

Describe how the surface area can be changed in the renal tubule

A

cell walls can contract or relax altering the surface area available for filtration/reabsorption
when the cell walls are constricted there is less of a s.a. = rate of filtration is decreased

23
Q

Describe the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

A

this is the amount of filtrate formed in the renal corpuscles, 125ml/min = males
105ml/min = females

24
Q

Describe what happens if the GFR is too low/too high

A

GFR too high = substances needed by the body may pass through too quickly for reabsorption to take place
GFR too low = nearly all the filtrate will be reabsorbed, so waste products will not be excreted into the urine

25
Q

Describe how GFR can be affected

A

severe blood less causes arterial BP reduction, which causes lowering of the GFR - if pressure falls below 45mmHg = filtrations ceases
GFR can be affected by altering blood flow in and out of the glomerulus and altering capillary surface available for filtration

26
Q

Describe GFR regulation in muscular contraction

A

BP rises > GFR rises > causes afferent renal arteriole wall to stretch > stretch receptors in these walls activate the smooth muscles > they contract > lowering renal blood flow > reduces GFR

27
Q

Describe GFR regulation in association with Nitric oxide dilation

A

greater BP causes rise in renal blood flow = absorption of Na and Cl ions is reduced as less time for reabsorption, less Na and Cl ions inhibits release of Nitric Oxide (NO), NO causes vasodilation so therefore due to a reduction in NO levels > reduced vasodilation, more vasoconstriction > less blood flow > allowing time for reabsorption

28
Q

Describe GFR regulation in association with hormones

A

Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction of arterioles = reduces GFR

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) relaxes capillary surface causing vasodilation with a greater surface area for filtration = increases GFR

29
Q

Describe the tubular reabsorption within the PCT

A

majority of the reabsorption is of glucose, amino acids, urea, sodium, potassium and calcium ions

30
Q

Describe the role of reabsorption further on in the tubule

A

maintains homeostasis by fine tuning the balance of ions etc.
pH is maintained by controlling reabsorption of H ions

31
Q

Describe water reabsorption

A

takes place through osmosis although anti-diuretic (ADH) affects the final 10% reabsorption dependent on the needs of the body

32
Q

Describe what materials are removed from the blood and excreted

A

potassium, hydrogen, ammonium, urea creatine and drugs

33
Q

what % of water is reabsorbed through osmosis

A

90%

34
Q

what % of reabsorption/secretion is ADH regulated depending on bodily needs

A

10%

35
Q

Describe what happens when there is no ADH

A

dilute urine as renal tubules absorb more solutes than water

36
Q

Describe what happens when there is ADH

A

concentrated urine means more water reabsorbed than solutes

37
Q

Describe the main role of ADH in filtration/secretion/reabsorption

A

to make sure optimum concentration of urine is produced

38
Q

Name 6 things which could be potentially present in urineand why

A 
Albumin
Glucose
RBCs
Ketones
Urobilinogen
Microbes
39
Q

Describe if albumin was in urine

A

not normally present as its too large for normal filtration, traces would indicate damage to the renal membranes allowing increased permeability - could be raised BP or toxic influence

40
Q

Describe if glucose was in urine

A

diabetes mellitus or stress causes release of Epinephrine which stimulates breakdown of glycogen in liver to make glucose

41
Q

Describe if RBCs was in urine

A

inflammation of kidney cells, presence of kidney stones or trauma

42
Q

Describe if Ketones was in urine

A

diabetes mellitus, anorexia, starvation, reduced carbohydrate intake

43
Q

Describe if Urobilinogen was in urine

A

this is the breakdown of Hb, result of liver disease, CCF and bilary obstruction

44
Q

Describe if microbes was in urine

A

infections affecting urinary tract

Anatomy 2 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions