Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A&P Lecture Final > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

(62 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Renal ptosis

A

kidneys drop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Floating kidney

A

suspensory collagen fibers break (Connective tissue
anchors the kidney and surrounding adipose to abdominal wall)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

unilateral renal agenesis

A

some people (1 in 5000) born with only 1 kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Things that can cause kidney failure from kidney disease (unexpectedly…no before kidney failure):

A

 High BP; damage small blood vessels in kidney
 Diabetes; excess blood glucose leads to kidney vascular damage and micro and macroalbuminuria
 Aspirin / acetaminophen / ibuprofen
 Congenital problems; polycystic renal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

(glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule;
comprised of parietal and visceral layer) – filters the
blood (filtration); produces filtrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule

A

returns good filtered substances to the blood (reabsorption)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Loop of Henle

A

helps conserve water and solutes (reabsorption of water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Distal convoluted tubule

A

rids the body of additional wastes (secretion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Collecting duct

A

carries urine from cortex toward renal papilla (water balance, can reabsorb water as needed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

parietal layer of the bowman’s capsule:

A

simple squamous epithelium on exterior of the capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Visceral layer of the bowman’s capsule:

A

podocytes, wrap around glomerular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Afferent arteriole

A

delivers unfiltered blood to the glomerulus. wider diameter vessel that leads into the glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Efferent arteriole

A

transports filtered blood away. blood that’s been filtered out through the glomerulus goes back into the bloodstream (stuff that needs to be reabsorbed from filtrate will happen later in the proximal convoluted tubule)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mesangial Cells:

A

Supporting cells in the glomerulus (stationed between podocytes)
-specialized cells derived from smooth muscle
-Can phagocytize things
-Contain actin filaments: Can contract
-Respond to AngII, ADH
(May make renin?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Glomerular capillary endothelium contains _____
basement membrane

A

fenestrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Anuria

A

Low urine output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

The volume of filtrate formed by both kidneys per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Glomerular Filtration Membrane consists of:

A
  1. Glomerular capillary endothelium with fenestrae (deepest)
  2. Basement membrane
  3. Podocytes (visceral membrane of
    Bowmans capsule)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

A

Forces water and dissolved solutes/ small particles
out into the glomerular capsule into the pericapsular
space (all but most plasma proteins, blood cells and
platelets; lose about 1% of albumin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

A

tends to draw water out of the filtrate and into
the plasma; it thus opposes filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The net filtration pressure (NFP)

A

the net pressure acting across the glomerular
capillaries. It represents the sum of the
hydrostatic pressures and the colloid osmotic
pressures. Under normal circumstances, the
net filtration pressure is approximately 10 mm
Hg. This is the average pressure forcing water
and dissolved materials out of the glomerular
capillaries and into the capsular space.

GHP – (CHP + BCOP) = 55 – (15+30) = 10 mm Hg

(even small decreases in blood pressure at glomeruli can decrease GFR, if drops to 40 filtration stops and can cause acute renal failure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CsHP)

A

force of filtrate fluid
against the wall of the capsule (= 15 mm Hg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Melanuria

A

dark urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Peritubular fluid

A

filtrate that has been reabsorbed into space around peritubular capillaries

Most tubular fluid is reabsorbed into peritubular space and referred to as peritubular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Apical (luminal) membrane
faces tubule lumen
26
Basolateral membrane
often is anchored to underlying tissue/fascia; BUT in tubular organs or structures in the body this faces the interstitial space / body cavity
27
Reabsorption
the process of moving a substance from the filtrate in the tubule lumen into the peritubular fluid into the peritubular capillary
28
Filtration
occurs in the glomerulus. Does NOT require energy. Driven by the differences in pressure Afferent arteriole to glomerulus across podocyte into capsular fluid exits into tubule lumen
29
Reabsorption
substances in the lumen of the nephron can then be reabsorbed across the apical membrane of the tubules – through the cytosol – across the basolateral membrane into the interstitial fluid and then into the peritubular capillaries to re-enter blood Tubular fluid to peritubular fluid (interstitial fluid) into peritubular capillary
30
Secretion
The body can get rid of substances that are too large to be filtered by secreting them from the blood into the tubule lumen to be lost from the body in urine Peritubular capillary into peritubular fluid into the tubule lumen
31
Excretion
Elimination of wastes from the body Tubule fluid into collecting duct, into ureters, into bladder, into urethra, out the body
32
Glucose is absorbed in the PCT by a ____
sodium-glucose co-transporter
33
pyel
trough or pelvis
34
What cells are found in the collecting duct?
Principal cell: main sodium reabsorbing cells (influenced by hormones--ADH) Intercalated cell: cells that mediate secretion and bicarbonate reabsorption
35
What cells are found in the papillary duct (duct from collecting ducts to minor calyces)?
columnar cells (Hormones influence permeability of papillary duct)
36
Facultative (optional) water reabsorption (10-15% of water reabsorption) – occurs in ____ and ___. Without ____ epithelium is impermeable to water. With ____ epithelium is permeable to water, make ____ urine and ____ water.
DCT and collecting tubules; ADH ADH; concentrated; conserve
37
Three metabolic wastes:
 Urea (most abundant organic waste, most from breakdown of amino acids, produce ~21 g/d)  Creatinine (from breakdown of creatine phosphate in skeletal muscle, make ~1.8 g/d, all excreted in urine)  Uric acid (from recycling of nitrogenous bases from RNA, make ~480 mg/d)
38
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA) components:
Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells, macula densa, and (extraglomerular) mesangial cells
39
Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells
 Enlarged, smooth muscle cells in walls of afferent arteriole  Act as mechanoreceptors
40
Macula densa
 Tall, closely packed distal tubule cells  Lie adjacent to JG cells  Function as chemoreceptors / osmoreceptors
41
Mesangial cells (extraglomerular, part of the JGA):
 Have phagocytic and contractile properties  Influence capillary filtration  Vasopressin / Angiotensin II affect mesangial cell contraction
42
RAAS
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system
43
JG cells surrounding afferent arterioles make ____ (enzyme) –  _____ converts ______ into ________ (inactive precursor)  _______ is then converted into ________ (hormone) by _______ (ACE)  ACE is richly expressed in the capillaries of the lungs and is found in the kidney
Renin Renin; angiotensinogen; Angiotensin I Angiotensin I; Angiotensin II; angiotensin converting enzyme
44
Angiotensin II
*systemic vasoconstriction*, stimulates aldosterone (salt) and ADH (water) production. Works on proximal convoluted tubule. most vasoactive  Has a direct effect on the PCT to increase Na reabsorption Increases GFR by increasing renal perfusion pressure  Constricts systemic blood vessels (arteriolar vasoconstriction)  Stimulates aldosterone production from adrenal glands  Stimulates posterior pituitary to make ADH (water reabsorption from collecting tubule)  More Na and Cl reabsorption from nephron, more K+ secretion into nephron tubule  Stimulates sympathetic activity  Blood volume increases, BP goes up, GFR goes up
45
Aldosterone
*salt retention in distal tubule and collecting duct (principle cells). produced by adrenal cortex. stimulated by angiotensin II and stretch receptors in heart and low sodium.*  Synthesis from adrenal cortex (mineralocorticoid from zona glomerulosa)  Increases Na and Cl reabsorption and K excretion; leads to water retention  Works on distal kidney tubules, principal cells of collecting duct  Steroid hormone  Synthesized by adrenal cortex; acts on the kidney  Is a mineralocorticoid  Role is to increase BP - by conserving sodium, secreting potassium and increases blood pressure  Synthesis stimulated by angiotensin II, ACTH and potassium levels (all of these increase when sodium deficient) and by plasma acidosis  Stretch receptors in the heart also sense decreased BP and stimulate adrenal gland to release aldosterone  Acts on distal tubule and collecting duct -principal cells
46
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) = Vasopressin
*water reabsorption, posterior pituitary, in response to angiotensin II or high osmolality (solute content in blood)* Increases water reabsorption in collecting duct and DCT – by stimulating aquaporin production in apical membrane  Released by posterior pituitary in response to increased osmolality of plasma or stimulation by Angiotensin II  Is a neurohypophyseal hormone  Role is to increase BP - by conserving water and constricting blood vessels nInduces aquaporin translocation into apical membranes in collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule
47
Erythropoietin (EPO)–
 Synthesized by the JG cells in response to Hypoxia  Increases RBC production in the bone marrow  More RBC more capacity to transport oxygen
48
Calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D)
 Synthesized in the PCT  25(OH)D-DBP taken into PCT cell by megalin / cubulin receptor(receptor mediated endocytosis)  25(OH)D can be used inside the cell to make calcitriol because 1-alpha hydroxylase enzyme (CYP27B1 gene) is present in the PCT  If calcitriol is not needed, 25(OH)D can by hydroxylated at the 24-position by 24-hydroxylase in the PCT (CYP24A1 gene)
49
Atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide
 Synthesized by cardiac cells in response to increased blood volume or increased blood pressure  Work to reduce fluid volume by inhibiting ADH (lose more fluid, reduce plasma volume, less concentrated urine)  Reduce thirst so not taking in fluid  Cause peripheral vasodilation (lower BP, reduce GFR)
50
What are the 2 most common health problems that lead to CKD?
Hypertension Diabetes
51
Less than 2% of older patients with CKD require renal replacement therapy – why?
Die from cardiovascular disease
52
What changes that occur with CKD increase the risk of heart failure?
Can’t maintain fluid balance – heart must pump larger amount of fluid that the kidneys cannot get rid of As heart fails there is reduced blood flow to kidneys so their ability to function decreases
53
List 3 biochemical findings that could be used to provide evidence of altered renal function in those with CKD?
* Proteinuria * Micro and macroalbuminuria * Elevated serum creatinine * Reduced glomerular filtration rate (rate at which the kidney filters the blood) * Alterations in serum metabolites * Elevated cystatin C – newer test
54
elevated Cystatin C blood test may be a good marker of GFR bc
-filtered only by glomerulus -not secreted by renal tubules -generated at a consistent rate by all cells in the body
55
What 2 hormones can the body use to regulate P homeostasis and where are these made?
FGF23 - osteocyte / PTH – parathyroid glands
56
What does high P do to increase risk of cardiac disease?
High serum P associated with vascular calcification, get arterial stiffness, can narrow the lumen of the arteries. High P stimulates vascular smooth muscle cells to undergo osteochondrogenic differentiation and calcify Link between vascular calcification and osteogenesis; regulators of bone formation in vascular plaques
57
What 2 hormones may explain the anemia that is found in those with CKD and where are these hormones produced? What are some of the non-hormonal reasons for this anemia?
Erythropoietin (EPO) – made in kidney Hepcidin – made in liver from inflammation caused by CKD Fe deficiency anemia Blood loss from dialysis Decreased RBC half-life
58
How can anemia be treated according to the article issues of iron management in the hemodialysis patient?
Intravenous iron, bypass the gut Average dose of Fe 914 mg a month IV Typically absorb 1-2 mg Fe/d = 30-60 mg per month
59
What form of Fe would be found in the blood in those with iron overload? What tissues are most at risk?
NTBI: non-transferrin bound iron (free floating serum iron); taken up by ZIP14 pancreas and liver
60
FGF23 from osteocyte:
*Increases from high P *Inhibits P absorption from gut *Inhibits P reabsorption from kidney *Inhibits PTH release *Inhibits 1-alpha hydroxylase in kidney
61
Calcitriol from kidney:
*Increased by PTH- low Ca *Decreased by high P *Increases bone resorption *Inc Ca/P absorption gut *Inhibit PTH secretion *Stimulate FGF23 production
62
PTH from 4 PTH glands:
*Increases from low Ca/ high P *Increases calcitriol production kidney *Inhibits P reabsorption from kidney *Increases Ca reabsorption from kidney *Increases Ca/P release from bone

A&P Lecture Final (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions