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Histo Block 4 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

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1
Q

Organs of the urinary system?

A

Paired kidneys and ureters, a bladder, urethra

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2
Q

Components of the hilum of the kidney?

A

renal vessels, nerves, renal pelvis

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3
Q

Parenchyma of the kidney is divided into what?

A

cortex and medulla

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4
Q

Where are the pyramids located?

A

medulla

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5
Q

What is the apex of a renal pyramid?

A

the renal papilla

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6
Q

What is the tissue between adjacent renal pyramids?

A

renal column

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7
Q

What does the kidney lobe consist of?

A

a medullary pyramid and the overlying cortex plus 1/2 of the renal columns on each side of the pyramid

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8
Q

What are extensions of the renal pelvis?

A

calyces

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9
Q

What calyx surrounds one renal papilla?

A

minor calyx

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10
Q

What calyx is the combination of two or more minor calyces?

A

major calyx

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11
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A

remove waste from the blood and excrete it as urine, regulate electrolyte balance, regulate plasma volume & blood pressure, produce hormones (erythropoietin & renin), convert vitamin D precursor to active vitamin D

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12
Q

What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney?

A

the nephron

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13
Q

What 2 parts does a nephron consist of?

A

a renal corpuscle and its tubule

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14
Q

What part of the nephron is the site for filtering blood?

A

the renal corpuscle (located at beginning of a nephron)

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15
Q

Where does the tubule originate at and end at?

A

originates from renal corpuscle and ends at collecting duct

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16
Q

Are collecting ducts part of a nephron?

A

NO

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17
Q

A normal human kidney contains how many nephrons?

A

800,000 to 1,000,000

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18
Q

What are the 3 major segments of a nephron tubule?

A

proximal thick segment, thin segment, distal thick segment

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19
Q

What does the proximal thick segment consist of?

A

proximal convoluted tubule and proximal straight tubule

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20
Q

What does the thin segment consist of?

A

thin limb

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21
Q

What does the distal thick segment consist of?

A

medullary thick ascending limb, cortical thick ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule, connecting segment

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22
Q

What part of the nephron tubule does the macula densa belong to?

A

the cortical thick ascending limb of the distal thick segment

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23
Q

What landmark determines proximal nephron tubule vs distal nephron tubule?

A

The macula densa–proximal nephron tubule is proximal to the macula densa and distal nephron tubule is distal to the macula densa

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24
Q

Order of the nephron tubule?

A

proximal convoluted tubule, proximal straight tubule, thin limb, medullary thick ascending limb, cortical thick ascending limb, macula densa, distal convoluted tubule, connecting segment

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25
What are the 2 parts of the collecting duct?
cortical collecting duct and medullary collecting duct
26
Where does blood enter and leave in a renal corpuscle?
enters the Afferent arteriole and leaves via the Efferent arteriole
27
Components of the renal corpuscle?
gomerulus & Bowman's capsule
28
What is the space between the visceral and parietal layers of the renal corpuscle?
the urinary space
29
What group of cells is distributed amongst the capillaries in a renal corpuscle?
mesangial cells
30
functions of mesangial cells?
phagocytose debris, provide structural support, secrete interleukin 1 platelet derived growth factor for repair of glomerulus
31
What are the types of nephrons and how are they categorized?
cortical, juxtamedullary, intermediate--categorized based on their locations in the cortex
32
Which nephrons have a short loop of Henle?
cortical
33
Which nephrons have a long loop of Henle and are located close to the medullary boundary?
juxtamedullary
34
Which nephrons have an intermediate length loop of Henle?
intermediate
35
What are the subdivisions of the cortex of the kidney?
cortical labyrinths and medullary rays
36
What do the cortical labyrinths consist of?
renal corpuscles, proximal convoluted and distal convoluted tubules
37
What do medullary rays consist of?
aggregation of straight and ascending tubules and collecting ducts
38
What lies between cortical labyrinths?
medullary rays
39
What does a lobule consist of?
a medullary ray and adjacent one-half labyrinths
40
What does the medulla contain?
only tubules and collecting ducts--NO labyrinths or medullary rays
41
What % of cardiac output does the kidney receive?
25%
42
Describe blood supply to the kidney.
renal artery --> lobar arteries --> interlobar arteries --> arcuate arteries -->interlobar arteries --> afferent arterioles
43
What do the efferent arterioles of the kidney produce?
a peritubular capillary network that surrounds the local tubules
44
What do efferent arterioles from the juxtamedullary glomeruli descend into the medulla to form?
arteriole rectae
45
Which arteriole is always larger?
Afferent
46
3 principal activities of nephrons in producing urine?
filtration of blood, reabsorption, secretion
47
Where does reabsorption mostly occur?
in the proximal convoluted tubule
48
Where does filtration occur?
in the glomerulus of the renal corpuscle
49
What is the filtered product?
ultrafiltrate
50
What are the 3 components of the filtration apparatus?
fenestrated endothelium of glomerulus (capillary), basement membrane of the glomerulus, basement membrane of podocytes
51
What components of the filtration apparatus make up the glomerular basement membrane?
the basement membrane of the glomerulus and the basement membrane of podocytes
52
What are the secondary processes of podocyte processes?
pedicels
53
What is the elongated space between pedicels?
filtration slits
54
Function of the glomerular basal lamina?
restricts the movement of particles based on size
55
What molecules can pass through the glomerular basement membrane?
neutrally charged molecules less than 70,000 Daltons
56
How is the passage of small negatively charged molecules impeded through the glomerular basement membrane?
due to the negative charges due to heparan sulfate and sialic acid
57
Difference in basal lamina in diabetes mellitus patients?
the basal lamina is physically thicker than normal but functionally leaky
58
What are the 3 conditions present in Nephrotic Syndrome?
proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema
59
What ist he major site of reabsorption?
proximal convoluted tubule
60
What is the major site of secretion?
distal part of nephron (thin limb and distal tubules) and collecting ducts
61
How much urine is typically excreted daily?
1.5 - 3 L
62
Components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells
63
Role of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
regulates blood pressure
64
Where are juxtaglomerular cells located?
afferent and efferent arterioles
65
Role of macula densa cells?
monitor blood volume and Na+ concentration
66
Role of juxtaglomerular cells?
responsible for activating the RAAS to restore homeostasis under conditions of low Na+ intake or decreased volume of circulation blood
67
What initiate the RAAS?
the release of renin from JG cells when signaled to by the macula densa cells
68
Pathway of urine discharge from kidneys?
minor calyces --> major calyces --> renal pelvis --> ureters --> bladder
69
Type of epithelium in all excretory passages except lower part of urethra?
transitional epithelium
70
Epithelium of lower part of urethra?
stratified or pseudostratified columnar epithelium
71
What are the muscularis layers of the ureter?
an inner longitudinal layer and a middle circular layer--the distal end of the ureter also has an outer longitudinal layer
72
What epithelium lines the lumen of the bladder?
urothelium (transitional epithelium)
73
Muscular layers of bladder?
inner longitudinal, middle circular, & outer longitudinal
74
Is the muscularis layer thicker in the bladder or ureter?
bladder
75
Layers of the bladder? (mucosa...etc)
epithelium, LITTLE OR NO SUBMUCOSA, muscularis mucosa, adventitia/serosa
76
Which part of the bladder has a serosa layer?
the superior surface

Histo Block 4 (3 decks)

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