Urinary System

Question 1

Are the kidneys and most of the ureters primarily retroperitoneal, secondarily retroperitoneal, or mesenteric?

Answer 1

primarily retroperitoneal

Question 2

Are the lower parts of the ureters and urinary bladder primarily retroperitoneal, subperitoneal, or mesenteric?

Answer 2

subperitoneal

Question 3

Is the kidney primarily retroperitoneal, subperitoneal, or mesenteric?

Answer 3

primarily retroperitoneal

Question 4

What attaches the kidney in place?

Answer 4

the ureter and vessels (other than that it floats in fat)

Question 5

The hilum of the right kidney is behind what organ?

Answer 5

2nd segment of duodenum

Question 6

What organ is the hilum of the left kidney behind?

Answer 6

pancreas (body and tail)

Question 7

How many minor calyces are in the kidney?

Answer 7

1 for each renal pyramind (15 ish)

Question 8

What is the first line of defense for cancer metastasis in the kidney?

Answer 8

renal capsule

Question 9

The kidney has no significant __________________

Answer 9

collateral arterial circulation

Question 10

How many renal pyramids are in the kidney?

Answer 10

15 -18

Question 11

The ureters pass _______ the gonadal vessels

Answer 11

behind

Question 12

What urinary structure is potentially at risk of injury during an appendectomy?

Answer 12

right ureter

Question 13

What urinary stucture is at risk of injury during surgery of the sigmoid colon and rectum?

Answer 13

left ureter

Question 14

The ureters pass _______ to the posas muscle and common iliac vessels?

Answer 14

anterior

Question 15

Where do the superior ureters get there blood supply from?

Answer 15

renal artery

Question 16

Where do the middle ureters get there blood supply from?

Answer 16

gonadal artery

Question 17

Where do the inferior ureters get there blood supply from?

Answer 17

internal iliac artery

Question 18

What are the common sites for ureteral stones?

Answer 18

ureteropelvic junciton
ureter crosses internal iliac artery
ureterovesical junction

Question 19

Where is the most common spot for a ureteral stones?

Answer 19

Ureterovesical junction

Question 20

What type of peritoneum do the uterus and bladder have?

Answer 20

visceral (no pain sensation when stretched)

Question 21

What neural control has the role of producing and releasing waste from the body?

Answer 21

parasympathetics

Question 22

What neural control has the role of slowing production of waste while retaining it inside the body?

Answer 22

sympathetics

Question 23

What neural control has the role of assisting the sympathetics in retaining waste?

Answer 23

somatic motor

Question 24

Sympathetics to the kidney and the renal vessels ________ urine production
through ____________

Answer 24

Sympathetics to the kidney and the renal vessels decrease urine production
through vasoconstriction

Question 25

What do parasympathetics do to the kidney?

Answer 25

no obvious functions (carry visceral afferent information)

Question 26

In the renal pelvis and upper ureters peristalsis is mostly _______ in response to stretching when filled with urine.

Answer 26

myogenic

Question 27

What do the parasympathetics do in the lower ureter?

Answer 27

increase peristalsis

Question 28

What do the sympathetics do in the lower ureter?

Answer 28

inhibit peristalsis

Question 29

What do parasympathetics do in the bladder?

Answer 29

eliminate urine
- detrusor muscle contracts
- inhibit the internal (involuntary) urinary sphincter (relax and opens it)

Question 30

What do sympathetics do in the bladder?

Answer 30

retain urine
- detrusor to relax
- internal sphincter to constrict and close (active unless urinating)

Question 31

Which urinary sphincter is voluntary?

Answer 31

external urinary sphincter (skeletal muscle)
- used to prevent urination

Question 32

What nerves supply parasympathetics to the bladder?

Answer 32

pelvic splanchinic nerves (S2-S4)

Question 33

What nerves provide somatic motor to the bladder?

Answer 33

pudendal nerves (S2-S4)

Question 34

Where are the aorticorenal ganglion located and what type of signal do they carry?

Answer 34

at the origins of the renal arteries; sympathetics

Question 35

The sympathetics in the urinary system are primarly from what type of nerve?

Answer 35

lesser splanchnic nerves

Question 36

What are some examples of kidney irregularities?

Answer 36

horseshoe kidney
pelvic kidney
transplanted kidney

Question 37

Where is a transplanted kidney usually placed?

Answer 37

lower in the abdomen (blood supply is more accessible; non-functional kidneys are often left in place)

Question 38

What are the kidney arterial and ureter anomalies associated with the urinary system?

Answer 38

• aberrant renal arteries to the lower pole of the kidney (arterial)
• duplicate ureters or retrocaval ureters (ureter)