urinary system

Question 1

endocrine function of urinary system?

Answer 1

secretion of renin and EPO, and conversion of steroid prohormone vitamin d to active form

Question 2

what is the function of renin?

Answer 2

regulation of blood pressure

Question 3

what is the function of erythropoietin?

Answer 3

stimulates erythrocyte production in bone marrow

Question 4

active form of vitamin D?

Answer 4

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or calcitrol

Question 5

hilum

Answer 5

located at concave medial border of kidney. where nerves, blood, and lymph vessels pass and ureter exits

Question 6

renal pelvis?

Answer 6

where ureter expands at hilum and divides into 2-3 major calcyes that branch into minor calcyes

Question 7

outer cortex of kidney?

Answer 7

mostly renal corpuscle and tubule cross sections

Question 8

medulla of kidney?

Answer 8

mostly linear tubules and ducts

Question 9

renal pyramid

Answer 9

attached to each minor calyx. 8-15 conical shaped region of medulla where bases meet at cortex

Question 10

what separates the renal pyramids?

Answer 10

renal columns which are extensions of the cortex

Question 11

what makes up a renal lobe?

Answer 11

each pyramid, upper cortex, and surrounding renal column

Question 12

renal papilla

Answer 12

tip of each pyramid that projects into a minor calyx and collects urine by tubules in one renal lobe

Question 13

medullary rays

Answer 13

straight tubules and collecting ducts from the medulla that extend into the cortex

Question 14

what is the fundamental, structural, and functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 14

nephron

Question 15

what are the two parts of a nephron?

Answer 15

renal corpuscle and a tubule system

Question 16

renal corpuscles

Answer 16

extend from vascular pole. found only in cortex. and consist of glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

Question 17

gomerulus

Answer 17

large tuft of FENESTRATED capillaries

Question 18

what does the vascular pole consist of?

Answer 18

afferent and efferent arterioles

Question 19

tubule system

Answer 19

leads from renal corpuscle at urinary pole to PCT to PT to loop of henle w hairpin turn to ascend back to DT to DCT to collecting tubules to collecting ducts

Question 20

PCT

Answer 20

proximal convoluted tubule. originates from urinary pole and twists and curves through cortex. simple cuboidal epithelium with long microvilli.

Question 21

PT

Answer 21

proximal tubule. where PCT straightens out to descend into medulla

Question 22

loop of henle

Answer 22

PT thins to become simple squamous epithelium that descends further into medulla before taking hairpin turn to ascend back to cortex

Question 23

DT

Answer 23

distal tubule. where loops of henle thicken and re enters cortex where it begins to twist again. simple cuboidal epithelium.

Question 24

DCT

Answer 24

in cortex. fewer covolutions than PCT, empties into collecting tubules which merge to form collecting ducts

Question 25

role of afferent arterioles in the renal corpuscle?

Answer 25

bring blood to glomerulus at vascular pole

Question 26

what happens after afferent arterioles bring blood to glomerulus at vascular pole?

Answer 26

blood circulates through glomerular capillaries where filtration occurs

Question 27

what happens after blood is filtered?

Answer 27

exits efferent arteriole at vascular pole.

Question 28

where does initial plasma filtrate enter the PCT?

Answer 28

urinary pole

Question 29

what helps to modify the urine in the tubule system?

Answer 29

peritubular capillaries and vasa recta

Question 30

filtration

Answer 30

allows water and solutes in the blood to leave the vascular space of the capillaries of the glomerulus and enter Bowman's capsule

Question 31

secretion

Answer 31

substances move from epithelial cells of the tubules into the lumen, usually after uptake from surrounding interstitum and capillaries (peritubular capillaries and vasa recta)

Question 32

reabsorption

Answer 32

substances move from the tubular lumen across epithelium into surrounding interstitium and capillaries

Question 33

what happens to blood in kidneys production of urine?

Answer 33

blood is filtered into an intial glomerular ultra plasma filtrate ("pre urine") and modified by selective reabsorption and secretion by the cells of the kidney tubules

Question 34

where does PCT begin?

Answer 34

urinary pole

Question 35

bowman's capsule?

Answer 35

double walled epithelial capsule composed of 3 sub parts of parietal layer, visceral layer, and bowman's space

Question 36

parietal layer of bowman's capsule

Answer 36

outermost layer that forms surface of renal corpuscle. consists of simple squamous epithelium.

Question 37

visceral layer of bowman's capsule

Answer 37

inner portion of capsule that closely envelops the glomerular capillaries and lined by podocytes

Question 38

podocytes

Answer 38

epithelial cells that line visceral layer of bowman's capsule of renal corpuscle. extend primary processes that curve around capillary below

Question 39

bowman's space

Answer 39

capsular or urinary space that receives initial plasma filtrate, pre urine fluid filtered through capillary wall and visceral layer

Question 40

primary processes

Answer 40

give rise to pedicels that are in direct contact with basement membrane of capillary endothelial cells

Question 41

filtration slits pores

Answer 41

spaces between pedicels

Question 42

GBM

Answer 42

glomerular basement membrane. between podocytes and endotherlial cells of capillaries. thick membrane made by fusion of podocyte and capillary endothelial cell basal laminae

Question 43

glomerular filtration barrier components

Answer 43

fenestrated capillary endothelium, thick combined basal laminae, and filtration slit pores between pedicels of podocytes act as a selective size barrier