Urinary System Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
What are the 6 organs that make up the urinary system?
A
2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
2
Q
What are the functions of the kidney?
A
Excretion, maintaining blood volume and concentration, blood pressure, erythrocyte concentration, vitamin D production
3
Q
Describe the location of the kidney
A
Posterior part of the abdomen on each side of the spine. Right kidney is slightly lower than the left.
4
Q
What gland is above the kidneys?
A
Adrenal gland
5
Q
What is the innermost layer of tissue that surrounds the kidney?
A
Renal capsule
6
Q
What is the second layer of tissue that surrounds the kidney?
A
Adipose capsule
7
Q
what is the outermost layer of tissue that surrounds the kidney?
A
Renal fascia
8
Q
what are triangular structures within the medulla?
A
renal pyramids
9
Q
what are the tips of the renal pyramid called?
A
renal papillae
10
Q
what is the outer surface of the kidney called?
A
renal cortex
11
Q
what is the inner portion of the kidney called?
A
renal medulla
12
Q
cortical substance between the renal pyramids
A
renal columns
13
Q
composed of the cortex and the renal pyramid
A
parenchyma
14
Q
functional unit of the kidney
A
nephrons
15
Q
funnel-shaped structure that surrounds the tip of each renal pyramid and collects urine from each renal papillae
A
minor calyx
16
Q
minor calyces joined together
A
major calyx
17
Q
a large collecting funnel formed where the major calyces join
A
renal pelvis
18
Q
how many nephrons are in a kidney?
A
approximately 1 million
19
Q
double-walled globe located in the cortex of the kidney
A
Bowman’s glomerular capsule
20
Q
what are the two types of nephrons?
A
Juxtamedullary nephrons and cortical nephrons
21
Q
What are the 2 components in each nephron?
A
vascular and tubular components
22
Q
a capillary network surrounded by bowman’s capsule?
A
glomerulus
23
Q
made up of Bowman’s glomerular capsule and the enclosed glomerulus?
A
renal corpuscle
24
Q
innermost layer of the bowman’s glomerular capsule
A
visceral layer
25
outer wall of the bowman's glomerular capsule
parietal layer
26
ducts that empty urine into the renal pelvis?
papillary ducts
27
which limb of Henle is highly permeable to water and solutes?
descending
28
what do the proximal tubule, ascending limb of Henle, and the collecting duct do?
transport molecules and ions across the wall of the nephron.
29
what arteries transport one-quarter of the total cardiac output directly to the kidneys?
right and left renal arteries
30
branches of the renal arteries in the renal columns?
interlobar arteries
31
the interlobar arteries that arch between the cortex and medulla?
arcuate arteries
32
what takes blood from the renal artery to Bowman’s glomerular capsule?
afferent arteriole
33
what carries non-filtered blood away from the glomerular capsule?
efferent arteriole
34
surround the convoluted tubules of a nephron and is formed from the division of efferent arterioles?
peritubular capillaries
35
veins that are formed by reuniting peritubular capillaries
interlobular vein
36
rises from arcuate artery?
interlobular artery
37
drains filtered blood at the base of the pyramid?
arcuate vein
38
carries filtered blood from the interlobar veins to the hilum?
right and left renal vein
39
the nerve supply to the kidneys?
renal plexus
40
what are the 3 main functions of the nephron?
filtration, reabsorption and secretion
41
the eliminated materials from the filtered blood?
urine
42
what type of nephron is 15-20% of the nephrons and has a long nephron loop?
Juxtamedullary nephron
43
what type of nephron is 80-85% of the nephrons and has a short nephron loop?
Cortical nephron
44
majority of reabsorption occurs in which tubule?
proximal convoluted tubule
45
which limb of Henle reabsorbs water by osmosis?
descending
46
which limb of Henle reabsorbs sodium, potassium, and chloride ions by active transport?
ascending
47
which tubule reabsorbs sodium ions by active transport and water by osmosis?
Distal convoluted tubule
48
where do the glomeruli of cortical nephrons lie?
outer layer of the cortex
49
where do the glomeruli of juxtamedullary nephrons lie?
inner layer of the cortex
50
which nephron dips slightly into medulla and peritubular
capillaries entwine around the short Loops of Henle?
cortical nephron
51
which nephron plunges the entire depth of the
medulla and peritubular capillaries form vasa recta?
juxtamedullary nephron
52
The vascular component consists of which parts of the nephron?
afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole and peritubular capillaries.
53
The tubular component consists of which part of the nephron?
Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle. distal tubule and collecting duct.
54
Only blood filtration occurs at the glomerulus. True or False?
True
55
what supplies the renal tissue with blood and O2 and carries away waste?
peritubular capillaries
56
what do peritubular capillaries rejoin to form?
Venules
57
what are the 3 basic renal processes that lead to the production of urine?
glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion
58
what is the transfer of non-filtered substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubule?
tubular secretion
59
what is the selective movement of filtered substances from the tubules to the peritubular capillaries?
tubular reabsorption
60
what is the non discriminant filtration of a protein-free plasma from the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule?
glomerular filtration
61
In order to be filtered from the blood to the tubules, a substance must make it across?
the capillary wall of the glomerulus, the basement membrane and the filtration slits between podocytes.
62
the renal corpuscle produces a protein-free solution called?
glomerular filtrate
63
the ureter leaves the kidney through what?
the hilum
64
epithelial cells in the visceral layer of the Bowman’s glomerular capsule
podocytes
65
what occurs when blood pressure forces fluid and dissolved solutes out of the glomerulus and into the capsular space?
Filtration
66
filtration within the renal corpuscle involves three layers known as?
capillary endothelium, basal lamina and glomerular epithelium
67
filtrate passing through filtration slits consist of?
water, ions, small organic molecules (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins), very few plasma proteins
68
glomerular epithelium consists of special cells called?
podocytes
69
any potential useful substances are reabsorbed in what tubule?
Proximal convoluted tubule
70
what 3 cells do the juxtaglomerular complex consist of?
Macula densa cells (monitor electrolyte concentration), Juxtaglomerular cells (secretes hormones) and Mesangial cells (provides physical support for the arteries)
71
what are the two hormones that juxtaglomerular complex produce?
Renin (involved in regulating blood pressure) and Erythropoietin (involved in erythrocyte production)
72
Formula for Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
GFR = Filtration coefficient (Kf) x Net Filtration Pressure
73
Forces involved in glomerular filtration
glomerular capillary blood pressure, plasma-colloid osmotic pressure, Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure
74
what is the Net filtration pressure?
Net filtration pressure = 10mmHg
75
Autoregulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Myogenic mechanism (arteriolar smooth muscle responds to stretch by contracting) and Tubuloglomerular feedback (the release of adenosin in the kidney when GFR is increased)
76
capillaries surrounding the nephron loop are called?
vasa recta
77
which portion of the nephron loop does water leave and enter the bloodstream (preventing dehydration)?
Descending portion
78
which portion of the nephron loop pumps ions (sodium ions and chloride ions) to prevent the loss of these ions?
Ascending portion
79
the filtrate that enters the DCT of various nephrons empties into a common tube called?
the collecting duct
80
Filtrate enters the (_) and leaves through the (_)
papillary duct/minor calyx/major calyx, Ureter/Urinary bladder/Urethra
81
The collecting system consists of?
connecting tubules, collecting ducts and papillary ducts
82
a triangular region of the bladder formed by the two openings from the ureters and the single urethral opening
trigone
83
the ureter connects to the urinary bladder at what side?
posterior/inferior side
84
what transports urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder?
Ureters
85
hollow muscular organ located in the pelvic cavity posterior to the pubic symphysis
urinary bladder
86
three layers of smooth muscle in the bladder wall
detrusor
87
located at the junction of the urinary bladder and urethra; made of smooth muscle
internal urinary sphincter
88
In males, the base of the urinary bladder is between (_).
the rectum and the symphysis pubis
89
In females, the base of the urinary bladder is inferior to the (_) and anterior to the (_)
uterus, vagina
90
another word for urination
Micturition
91
an unconscious reflex and conscious desire to urinate
micturition reflex
92
Urine is transported by what movement?
peristalsis
93
The male urethra is subdivided into 3. what are they?
Prostatic urethra (passes through the prostate gland), Membranous urethra (goes through the urogenital diaphragm) and Spongy urethra (extends through the penis to the external urethral orifice)
94
The opening of the urethra to the outside is called?
the urethral orifice
95
the external urinary sphincter has voluntary control. true or false?
True
96
what happens during urination?
detrusor muscles contract, muscles of pelvic floor and abdominal wall contract, external urinary sphincter relaxes and urine moves from bladder to the outside.
97
what are composed of uric acid, magnesium, calcium phosphate or calcium oxalate and are formed in the renal pelvis?
Kidney stones
98
larger kidney stones are pulverized with?
ultrasound lithotripsy
99
inflammation of the urinary bladder caused by a bacterial infection and causes a frequent urge to urinate
cystitis
100
blood in urine
hematuria
101
decreased urine production by 500mL/day
oliguria
102
production of an excessive amount of urine
polyuria
103
excessive amount of urine in the blood
uremia
104
excessive number of white blood cells in the urine
pyuria
105
elevated protein in the urine
proteinuria
106
inflammation of the kidneys, the filtration membrane within the renal capsule is infected with bacteria.
glomerulonephritis
107
a condition of uncontrollable and continued flow of urine
caused by neurological dysfunctions
urinary incontinence
108
kidneys are abnormally enlarged and contain numerous cysts
polycystic kidney disease
109
a rare congenital defect in
which all or part of one or both kidneys fail to develop
properly resulting in death shortly after birth
congenital polycystic disease
110
a rare condition resulting in
death after a few years of age; it develops from kidney and
liver failure and portal hypertension
childhood polycystic disease
111
characterized by lower back pain and high blood pressure where the kidneys eventually fail resulting in uremia and death
adult polycystic disease
112
renal failure can be treated by a procedure
hemodialysis
