Urinary System Flashcards by Lydia D

Main functions of the urinary system

Maintains homeostasis by

filtering the blood,
reabsorbing nutrients
and secreting wastes like

Urea
Amomnia and
Creatinine
As urine

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What does the pituitary secrete

Hormones

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Other functions of the urinary system

Regulates blood volume (by conserving or secreting less or more water)
Regulates blood pressure ( by secreting renin, activating the RAAS system increasing blood presssure
Regulates blood PH ( by excreting H+ ions or conserving HCO3 -ions)
Regulates blood glucose levels :
Helps maintain concentrations of electrolytes like Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, HPO4 3-, Mg 2+ and HCO3-
Maintains blood osmolarity
Production of hormones

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How much urine do we produce on average in a day?

1-2 litres

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Medical term for urination is

Micturition

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how much can the bladder hold?

700-800 mls

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What does caffiene and alcohol inhibits/stops what hormone?

ADH
Anti- diuretic hormone

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Renal hilum-what does it contain?

Contains
renal pelvis,
calyces,
blood vessels
and nerves

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Renal cortex

Superficial outer region,

functions to filter the blood to form urine

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Renal medulla (pyramid)

Deep inner region, function to collect and concentrate urine, then excrete it

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Renal papilla

Where pyramids empty urine into minor and major calyces, become urine here.

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Papillary ducts

Receives urine from the minor and major calyces

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Glomerulus
What is it composed of?
What happens here?

Composed of a capsule and capillaries, blood is filtered here through a leaky membrane

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Glomerular capsule or bowman’s capsule what does it contain- describe wall

Surrounds the glomerular capillaries:

Visceral layer : inner wall, contains podocytes with pedicels that wrap around the capillaries

Parietal layer : forms the outer wall of the capsule

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Glomerular capillaries…3 layers

Have 3 layers called “filter action membrane”
1. Fenestrations: endothelial cells are very leaky, allows everything except blood cells through
2. Basement membrane: basal laminate made of collagen with holes in it, allows water, small solutes, small proteins through
3. Podocytes with pedicures: foot like processes that form filtration slits, allows smaller proteins, water and vitamins through

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what elements does urine excrete

Urea
Amomnia and
Creatinine
As urine

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Nephron and renal

Both mean kidney
Latin and?

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Cortex meaning

Outside

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Internal and external urethral sphincter which one is voluntary and not?

Internal= involuntary- always closed - don’t have to think about it
External = choose to pee- external

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Chemoreceptors detect levels of what?

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen ions (ph)

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How much fluid does the urinary bladder hold on average?

700-800ml

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Which levels of the spinal cord control the micturition reflex?

S2
S3

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Which layer of the bladder contains the internal sphincter?

Middle

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Which of the following is not a part of the hilum?
Renal artery
Renal vein
Renal calyces
Renal pelvis
Renal nerves
None of the above?

None of the above

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Which layer of the bladder contains the internal sphincter?

Middle

Which hormones INCREASE filtration rate?

ANP atrial natriuretic hormone

The micturition reflex involves- explain what is involuntary and voluntary- contraction vs relaxed

Involuntary relaxation Of the Internal sphincter

Which hormones DECREASE glomerular filtration rate?

angiotensin 2

What is the order that filtrate passes through a nephron?

Proximal convoluted tubule Descending limb Ascending limb Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is made up of?

Macula cells Juxtaglomerular cells

Urea is reabsorbed and recycled predominantly from where?

Collecting duct

What is NOT secreted into the filtrate at the proximal convoluted tubule?

Glucose

What is secreted into the filtrate at the distal convoluted tubule?

K+ H+ Potassium and hydrogen

The measure of how many solutes are in a solution is that solutions……..?

Osmolarity

In tubular reabsorption Which method of transport utilizes symporters and antiporters?

Secondary active transport

Which fraction of water is RE-absorbed in the loop of henle?

15%

Fenestrations- what are they? Where are they?

Glomerular endothelial cells Are very leaky Allows everything **except blood cells** to filter through

The glomerular filtration membrane has 3 distinctive layers- What are they? And What can get through each layer?

**Fenestrations** - very leaky- everything but RBC **Basement membrane** - collagen with holes allows **water and small solutes** or small proteins **Podocytes with Pedicels** allow **smaller proteins, water, vitamins** to filter through

What are the 5 layers of the walls of the ureter?

Mucosa Lamina Propria Muscularis Adventitia **Men Love Pussy Must Advise**

What are the 3 muscle layers of the urinary bladder?

Muscularis layer = detrusor muscle Made of 3 layers of **smooth muscle** Inner longitudinal Middle circular- these form an internal urethral sphincter **involuntary** Outer longitudinal - **voluntary** control

Path of urine drainage?

Nephron Collecting duct Papillary duct Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra

What is the order of blood supply - kidneys

Renal artery off the ABD aorta into the hilum Segmental arteries Interlobar Arcuate Cortical radiate Afferent arterioles Glomerular capillaries efferent arterioles

What is the visceral and parietal layer of the bowman’s (glomerular) capsule?

Visceral layer- Inner wall contains **podocytes and pedicels** that wrap around glomerular capillaries Parietal layer- outer wall

Why in the loop of Henle (nephron) does it have a part that is thinner?

The thin part of the loop of Henle is lined by simple squamous epithelium. The thin limb is divided into two parts: the ascending and descending limbs - The descending limb is highly permeable to water, but not to salt. Permeability is largely dependent on the concentration of Aquaporin 1 in the epithelium.

What is the Juxtaglomerular apparatus (**JGA**)made of? What are all the cells involved?

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA): made up of macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells **Macula Densa Cells** : specialized cells in the ascending limb of Loop of Henle. **Juxtaglomerular Cells** : modified smooth muscle fibres that are specialized cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole.

What is Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure? Capsular hydrostatic pressure & Blood colloid osmotic pressure?

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure - **promoting filtration** Pushing solutes out of the blood into the bowman’s capsule **opposing filtration** Capsular hydrostatic pressure Blood colloids osmotic pressure

What is Dysuria Enuresis Nocturnal enuresis Polyuria Uremia

Dysuria: painful urination Enuresis: involuntary voiding Nocturnal enuresis: night time bed wetting, young children (up to 5) Polyuria: excessive urination Uremia: toxic levels of urea in the bloodstream

What are the 2 types of nephrons?

Juxtamedullary nephron Cortical nephron

What percentage of nephrons is juxtamedullary nephrons?

15-20 %

What percentage of nephrons are cortical nephrons?

80-85%

Tubular reabsorption Primary active transport- what is it?

ATP fuels the Na+/K+ pumps

Tubular reabsorption Secondary active transport- what is it?

Secondary active transport: symporters move 2 or more substances in the same direction, anti-porters move 2 or more substances in opposite directions

Numbers for reabsorption in the Proximal convoluted tubule Descending loop Distal convoluted tubule

Proximal convoluted tubule - 65% Descending loop 15% Distal convoluted tubule- 20%

Where is the most salty place in the nephron?

PCT

What is Na+

Sodium

Hat is K+

Potassium

Ca2+

Calcium

HCO3-

Bicarbonate

Mg2+

Magnesium

Cl1-

Chloride

Phosphorus

What cells produce Renin?

Juxtaglomerular cells

What makes the ascending loop of henle unique?

No water can go through it

Why are podocytes with Pedicles (foot like processes) structurally the way they are?

Foot like processes form filtration slits allowing smaller proteins Water Vitamins Through

What is a simple blood pressure explanation?

Pushes the solutes out of the blood through the filter action membrane into the capsule and capsular pressure and blood colloid pressures pushes back

Urinary System Flashcards

(65 cards)