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Term 2 Anatomy And Physiology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Main functions of the urinary system

A

Maintains homeostasis by

filtering the blood,
reabsorbing nutrients
and secreting wastes like

Urea
Amomnia and
Creatinine
As urine

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2
Q

What does the pituitary secrete

A

Hormones

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3
Q

Other functions of the urinary system

A
  1. Regulates blood volume (by conserving or secreting less or more water)
  2. Regulates blood pressure ( by secreting renin, activating the RAAS system increasing blood presssure
  3. Regulates blood PH ( by excreting H+ ions or conserving HCO3 -ions)
  4. Regulates blood glucose levels :
  5. Helps maintain concentrations of electrolytes like Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, HPO4 3-, Mg 2+ and HCO3-
  6. Maintains blood osmolarity
  7. Production of hormones
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4
Q

How much urine do we produce on average in a day?

A

1-2 litres

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5
Q

Medical term for urination is

A

Micturition

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6
Q

how much can the bladder hold?

A

700-800 mls

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7
Q

What does caffiene and alcohol inhibits/stops what hormone?

A

ADH
Anti- diuretic hormone

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8
Q

Renal hilum-what does it contain?

A

Contains
renal pelvis,
calyces,
blood vessels
and nerves

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9
Q

Renal cortex

A

Superficial outer region,

functions to filter the blood to form urine

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10
Q

Renal medulla (pyramid)

A

Deep inner region, function to collect and concentrate urine, then excrete it

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11
Q

Renal papilla

A

Where pyramids empty urine into minor and major calyces, become urine here.

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12
Q

Papillary ducts

A

Receives urine from the minor and major calyces

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13
Q

Glomerulus
What is it composed of?
What happens here?

A

Composed of a capsule and capillaries, blood is filtered here through a leaky membrane

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14
Q

Glomerular capsule or bowman’s capsule what does it contain- describe wall

A

Surrounds the glomerular capillaries:

Visceral layer : inner wall, contains podocytes with pedicels that wrap around the capillaries

Parietal layer : forms the outer wall of the capsule

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15
Q

Glomerular capillaries…3 layers

A

Have 3 layers called “filter action membrane”
1. Fenestrations: endothelial cells are very leaky, allows everything except blood cells through
2. Basement membrane: basal laminate made of collagen with holes in it, allows water, small solutes, small proteins through
3. Podocytes with pedicures: foot like processes that form filtration slits, allows smaller proteins, water and vitamins through

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16
Q

what elements does urine excrete

A

Urea
Amomnia and
Creatinine
As urine

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17
Q

Nephron and renal

A

Both mean kidney
Latin and?

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18
Q

Cortex meaning

A

Outside

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19
Q

Internal and external urethral sphincter which one is voluntary and not?

A

Internal= involuntary- always closed - don’t have to think about it
External = choose to pee- external

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20
Q

Chemoreceptors detect levels of what?

A

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen ions (ph)

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21
Q

How much fluid does the urinary bladder hold on average?

A

700-800ml

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22
Q

Which levels of the spinal cord control the micturition reflex?

A

S2
S3

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23
Q

Which layer of the bladder contains the internal sphincter?

A

Middle

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24
Q

Which of the following is not a part of the hilum?
Renal artery
Renal vein
Renal calyces
Renal pelvis
Renal nerves
None of the above?

A

None of the above

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25
Q

Which layer of the bladder contains the internal sphincter?

A

Middle

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26
Q

Which hormones INCREASE filtration rate?

A

ANP

atrial natriuretic hormone

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27
Q

The micturition reflex involves- explain what is involuntary and voluntary- contraction vs relaxed

A

Involuntary relaxation
Of the
Internal sphincter

28
Q

Which hormones DECREASE glomerular filtration rate?

A

angiotensin 2

29
Q

What is the order that filtrate passes through a nephron?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule
Descending limb
Ascending limb
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct

30
Q

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is made up of?

A

Macula cells
Juxtaglomerular cells

31
Q

Urea is reabsorbed and recycled predominantly from where?

A

Collecting duct

32
Q

What is NOT secreted into the filtrate at the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Glucose

33
Q

What is secreted into the filtrate at the distal convoluted tubule?

A

K+
H+
Potassium and hydrogen

34
Q

The measure of how many solutes are in a solution is that solutions……..?

A

Osmolarity

35
Q

In tubular reabsorption
Which method of transport utilizes symporters and antiporters?

A

Secondary active transport

36
Q

Which fraction of water is RE-absorbed in the loop of henle?

A

15%

37
Q

Fenestrations- what are they? Where are they?

A

Glomerular endothelial cells
Are very leaky
Allows everything
except blood cells
to filter through

38
Q

The glomerular filtration membrane has 3 distinctive layers-
What are they?
And
What can get through each layer?

A

Fenestrations - very leaky- everything but RBC
Basement membrane - collagen with holes allows water and small solutes or small proteins
Podocytes with Pedicels allow smaller proteins, water, vitamins to filter through

39
Q

What are the 5 layers of the walls of the ureter?

A

Mucosa
Lamina
Propria
Muscularis
Adventitia

Men Love Pussy Must Advise

40
Q

What are the 3 muscle layers of the urinary bladder?

A

Muscularis layer = detrusor muscle

Made of 3 layers of
smooth muscle

Inner longitudinal

Middle circular- these form an internal urethral sphincter involuntary

Outer longitudinal - voluntary control

41
Q

Path of urine drainage?

A

Nephron
Collecting duct
Papillary duct
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra

42
Q

What is the order of blood supply - kidneys

A

Renal artery off the ABD aorta into the hilum
Segmental arteries
Interlobar
Arcuate
Cortical radiate
Afferent arterioles
Glomerular capillaries efferent arterioles

43
Q

What is the visceral and parietal layer of the bowman’s (glomerular) capsule?

A

Visceral layer- Inner wall contains podocytes and pedicels that wrap around glomerular capillaries

Parietal layer- outer wall

44
Q

Why in the loop of Henle (nephron) does it have a part that is thinner?

A

The thin part of the loop of Henle is lined by simple squamous epithelium.
The thin limb is divided into two parts:
the ascending
and
descending limbs - The descending limb is highly permeable to water, but not to salt.

Permeability is largely dependent on the concentration of Aquaporin 1 in the epithelium.

45
Q

What is the Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)made of?
What are all the cells involved?

A

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA):
made up of
macula densa
and
juxtaglomerular cells

Macula Densa Cells : specialized cells in the ascending limb of Loop of Henle.
Juxtaglomerular Cells : modified smooth muscle fibres that are specialized cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole.

46
Q

What is Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure?
Capsular hydrostatic pressure &
Blood colloid osmotic pressure?

A

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure - promoting filtration Pushing solutes out of the blood into the bowman’s capsule

opposing filtration
Capsular hydrostatic pressure
Blood colloids osmotic pressure

47
Q

What is
Dysuria
Enuresis
Nocturnal enuresis
Polyuria
Uremia

A

Dysuria: painful urination
Enuresis: involuntary voiding
Nocturnal enuresis: night time bed wetting, young children (up to 5) Polyuria: excessive urination
Uremia: toxic levels of urea in the bloodstream

48
Q

What are the 2 types of nephrons?

A

Juxtamedullary nephron

Cortical nephron

49
Q

What percentage of nephrons is juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

15-20 %

50
Q

What percentage of nephrons are cortical nephrons?

A

80-85%

51
Q

Tubular reabsorption
Primary active transport- what is it?

A

ATP fuels the Na+/K+ pumps

52
Q

Tubular reabsorption
Secondary active transport- what is it?

A

Secondary active transport:

symporters move 2 or more substances in the same direction,
anti-porters move 2 or more substances in opposite directions

53
Q

Numbers for reabsorption in the

Proximal convoluted tubule

Descending loop

Distal convoluted tubule

A

Proximal convoluted tubule - 65%

Descending loop 15%

Distal convoluted tubule- 20%

54
Q

Where is the most salty place in the nephron?

A

PCT

55
Q

What is Na+

A

Sodium

56
Q

Hat is K+

A

Potassium

57
Q

Ca2+

A

Calcium

58
Q

HCO3-

A

Bicarbonate

59
Q

Mg2+

A

Magnesium

60
Q

Cl1-

A

Chloride

61
Q

P?

A

Phosphorus

62
Q

What cells produce Renin?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

63
Q

What makes the ascending loop of henle unique?

A

No water can go through it

64
Q

Why are podocytes with Pedicles (foot like processes) structurally the way they are?

A

Foot like processes form filtration slits allowing smaller proteins
Water
Vitamins
Through

65
Q

What is a simple blood pressure explanation?

A

Pushes the
solutes out of the blood through the filter action membrane
into the
capsule and capsular pressure
and
blood colloid pressures pushes back

Term 2 Anatomy And Physiology (1 decks)

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