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Human Anatomy and Physiology II > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

(87 cards)

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1
Q

where are kidneys located?

A

retroperitoneal
behind abdominal cavity

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2
Q

what do the kidneys do?

A

filters blood and the filter it forms becomes urine

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3
Q

from what the kidneys filter, what percentage gets reabsorbed?

A

more than 90%

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4
Q

do females or males get more UTI?

A

urethra is 5x longer in males

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5
Q

what is urine?

A

a metabolic waste (break down of proteins and RBC from liver) that your body gets rid of
majority of urine is water

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6
Q

what is the urinary system protected by?

A

the last 2 ribs

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7
Q

renal cortex

A

one of the two main regions of the kidney
superficial light region

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8
Q

renal medulla

A

contains pyramid structures

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9
Q

renal pelvis

A

made of fibrous connective tissue

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10
Q

renal capsule

A

made of tough material
will lead into ureter

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11
Q

major calyx

A

goes into renal capsule

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12
Q

what goes in the calyx?

A

urine

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13
Q

nephron

A

the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and the filtered blood goes into the collecting ducts

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14
Q

where is the last portion of reabsorption done?

A

the collecting duct

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15
Q

where does the antidiuretic hormone come from?

A

posterior pituitary

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16
Q

what inhibits antidiuretic hormone?

A

alcohol

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17
Q

what does caffein cause?

A

kidney stones because it is diuretic

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18
Q

afferent artery goes?

A

in

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19
Q

efferent artery goes?

A

out

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20
Q

glomerulus

A

is a bed of capillaries located inside bowmen’s capsule

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21
Q

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

A

denotes the part of the tubule attached to the glomerular capsule
lie within the renal cortex

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22
Q

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

A

denotes the part of the tubule that is further away
lie within the renal cortex

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23
Q

nephron loop aka loop of henle

A

connects the proximal and distal convoluted tubules

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24
Q

what are the 3 functions in the nephron?

A
  1. blood pressure plays a direct role in the filtration (pressure filtration)
    more filtrate leaves capillaries when pressure is higher
  2. tubular filtration
  3. tubular reabsorption
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25
collecting duct
collects from many nephrons
26
water follows?
sodium
27
medication filters in the tubes
28
macula densa
are cells in the renal corpuscle and ascending limb of loop of henle they can change size by the amount of salt which makes these cells swell and change the blood pressure
29
where does most of the filtration occur?
in the cortex
30
tubular reabsorption
a lot of reabsorption occurs and urine forms
31
tubular filtration
some filtration
32
chloride is affected by
sodium
33
transcellular reabsorption
is directly through the cell needing energy to happen
34
ascending loop is thicker in order to
make it difficult for ions to go through but water gets through
35
tubular filtration comes first and then
tubular reabsorption
36
urine is sterile
until it reaches the outer surface of the skin
37
fruity urine odor indicates?
ketones diabetes
38
3 basic parts of urinanalysis
1. physical exam (color, cloudiness, ercipitate, taste, odor, temperature, volume) 2.chemical exam (ph, glucose, ketones, specific gravity, WBC leukocytes, albumin or proteins, blood) 3. microscopic exam (bacteria, RBC & WBC count, epithelial cells, yeast, E. coli)
39
what are ketones?
breakdown product from fatty acids and are representative of diabetics. They have FA floating in their blood.
40
red urine
bleeding indicates infection like UTI E. coli is #1 cause of UTI
41
khaki color green urine
indicates liver dysfunction with breaking down RBC more than should be. Also from high protein diets which darkens urine
42
what does high specific gravity mean in urine?
higher than 1.030 means more particles and you are dehydrated
43
urine volume
problems with urine output can mean a kidney issue
44
what does albumin in urine mean?
albumin is basically a protein indicative of breakdown of nephron but can also mean infection
45
equal parts [H+] and [H-] gives?
pH of 7
46
casts
RBC casts can block nephron not a long term damage tho
47
hyaline cast
more waxy and a breakdown of nephron
48
crystals
formation of stones can be uric acid crystals or calcium crystals
49
urinalysis
helps to identify what problem is going on
50
infection can cause
leakage
51
how do you test for albumin?
dipstick test
52
acid tests tests for
blood and ketones
53
ecotest
bilirubin
54
what are buffers made of
weak acids or weak bases helps to maintain pH in blood
55
pH of blood is
7.35-7.45
56
bicarbonate is
3rd buffer system
57
metabolic acidosis
58
metabolic alkalosis
caused by vomit or dehydration
59
what is the main component of all body fluids?
water
60
intracellular fluid ICF
is 2/3 of body's fluid in cells
61
extracellular fluid ECF
is 80% interstitial fluid (in lymph, CSF, GI tract fluids, synovial fluids, fluids in eyes) and 20% blood plasma
62
water moves into areas with
higher salt concentration
63
diffusions moves from
greater concentration to lower concentration
64
osmosis
change in osmolarity due to change in [Na+]
65
edema
fluid. build up in tissues because sodium goes from blood to tissues and retains more water potassium pill is given to counteract
66
what regulates urine output
antidiuretic hormone atrial natriuretic peptide
67
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes
thirst increase of reabsorption in collecting ducts affecting Na+ levels
68
ADH secretion shuts off after
intake of water
69
electrolytes (ions) serve 4 general functions in body
1. controls osmosis of water btw body compartments 2. maintain acid base balance for normal cellular activity 3. carries electrical current 4. cofactors needed for optimal enzyme activity
70
where does Na+ have the highest concentration?
outside of the cell
71
where are K+ and phosphate highest?
inside the cells
72
renal failure can be caused by
Na+ retention
73
Cl-
is the major extracellular ion and controlled by Na+
74
Potassium(K+) is the
most abundant cation and highest in intracellular fluid maintains fluid levels impulse conduction muscle contraction found in orange juice, dry fruits
75
bicarbonate (HCO3-)
prominent ion in plasma
76
calcium is regulated by the
parathyroid hormone
77
distilled water
does not have electrolytes and should be neutral
78
high protein diet causes the blood pH to be
acidic
79
What are the 3 principal buffer systems of the body fluids?
1. protein buffer system (most abundant buffer in ICF and blood plasma) 2. carbonic acid-bicarbonate system 3. phosphate system
80
proteins act as both
acidic and basic buffers
81
once the filtrate enters the calyces it becomes
urine because no further reabsorption can occur
82
why do kidneys release renin?
to produce aldosterone for when Na+ is deficient in the plasma.
83
aldosterone
increases the amount of Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys and increases water reabsorption via osmosis therefore reduces loss of water in urine
84
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
is a hormone that increases the amount of water reabsorption in the kidneys therefore reduces loss of water in urine
85
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
causes elevated urinary excretion of Na+, accompanied by water. therefore increases loss of water in urine natriuresis is excretion of sodium (Na+) in urine
86
macula densa cells are in
in ascending loop of henle
87

Human Anatomy and Physiology II (3 decks)

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