Urinary System

Question 1

the kidneys are located in the

Answer 1

retroperitoneum

Question 2

The urinary system comprises of:

Answer 2

kidneys - 2
ureters - 2
urinary bladder - 1
urethra - 1

Question 3

How big are the kidneys

Answer 3

9-12 cm long
5 cm wide
2.5cm thick

Question 4

Renal hilum

Answer 4

vertical indentation on the medial surface of each kidney where the renal artery enters and the ureters, renal vein and lymphatics exit

Question 5

gerota fascia

Answer 5

renal fascia
layer of connective tissue encapsulating the kidneys

Question 6

3 layers of tissue surrounds the kidneys

Answer 6

1. inner - true capsule
2. perinephric fat
3. perinephric fascia - Gerota fascia

Question 7

Anterior to R. Kidney

Answer 7

right adrenal gland
liver
morison’s pouch
duodenum
right colic flexure

Question 8

anterior to L. kidney

Answer 8

left adrenal gland
spleen
stomach
panc
left colic flexure and coils of jejunum

Question 9

posterior R. kidney

Answer 9

diaphragm
costodiaphragmatic recess of the pleura
12th rib
psoas muscle
quadratus lumborum
transversus abdominis muscle

Question 10

functional unit of kidney

Answer 10

nephron

Question 11

Kidney cortex

Answer 11

outer region of the kidney
one million blood filtering nephrons
darker than medulla - blood perfusion
glomerulus and convoluted tubules

Question 12

kidney medulla

Answer 12

inner region of the kidney
renal pyramids separated by renal columns

Question 13

kidney pelvis

Answer 13

basin-like area
major calyces - collect urine from nephrons
upper end of ureter

Question 14

role of nephron

Answer 14

functional unit of kidney
filter blood and produce urine

Question 15

renal pelvis - major calyces - minor calyces - renal papilla - renal pyramids

Question 16

2 main structures of nephron

Answer 16

renal corpuscle
renal tubule

Question 17

renal corpuscle

Answer 17

network of capillaries (glomerulus) surrounded by a bowman’s capsule

located in renal cortex

Question 18

afferent arteriole

Answer 18

connects the renal arter to the glomerular capillary network
flows into the glomerulus
controls blood pressure

Question 19

efferent arteriole

Answer 19

carry filtered blood from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries that surround the renal tubule

Question 20

renal tubule

Answer 20

part of nephron that leads away from the glomerulus

-proximal convoluted tubule
-loop of henle
- distal convoluted tubules

Question 21

proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 21

resorption of sugar, sodium and chloride ions, water from the glomerular filtrate

Question 22

loop of henle

Answer 22

only part that dips in the medullary pyramids
keeping a concentration gradiant to reabsorb sodium and water from filtrate

Question 23

distal convoluted tubules

Answer 23

cells that line it are able to pump harmful substances from the blood to urine

Question 24

arterial supply

Answer 24

Renal artery off the AO
Anterior artery & Posterior artery
Segmental arteries
Interlobal arteries
Arcuate arteries
Interlobular arteries
(afferent arterioles, glomerulus, efferent arterioles)

Question 25

venous drainage

Answer 25

interlobular veins arcuate veins interlobar veins segmental veins anterior & posterior veins main renal vein drain into IVC

Question 26

which vein travels transversely across the body, anterior to AO and posterior to SMA

Answer 26

left renal vein

Question 27

lymphatic vessels follow

Answer 27

the renal artery to the lateral AO lymph nodes near the origin of the renal artery

Question 28

ureter

Answer 28

bilateral tubes, 8-10 inches long carry urine from kidneys to the bladder

Question 29

Where do the ureters enter the bladder?

Answer 29

posteriorly

Question 30

ureteropelvic junction

Answer 30

junction between the pelvis and the ureters

Question 31

ureterovesical junction

Answer 31

between the ureter and the bladder

Question 32

what muscle controls bladder flow

Answer 32

detrusor muscle

Question 33

Where is the first site of filtration in the kidneys?

Answer 33

bowmans capsule

Question 34

glomerular filtration - filtration tubular reabsorption - reabsorption tubular secreation - removes additional wastes

Question 35

4 things you should never see in urine

Answer 35

biliruben sugar ketones blood

Question 36

normal variants of kidney

Answer 36

column of bertin dromedary hump junctional parenchymal defect fetal lobulation sinus lipomatosis extrarenal pelvis

Question 37

Indications for a renal ultrasound

Answer 37

abnormal lab values flank pain hematuria pyuria fever palpable mass in the area of the kidney hx of kidney stones or renal issues incontinence incomplete emptying of the bladder frequent urination

Question 38

what are the 3 processes in the formation of urine

Answer 38

1. glomerular filtration 2. tubular reabsorption 3. tubular secretion

Question 39

main metabolic waste products

Answer 39

water, co2, nitrogenous wastes (urea, uric acid, creatinine)

Question 40

Ammonia is chemically converted to?

Answer 40

urea

Question 41

what is formed from the breakdown of nucleic acids?

Answer 41

uric acid

Question 42

column of bertin

Answer 42

invaginations of the cortex at varying depths within the medullary substance may be difficult to differentiate from an avascular renal neoplasm

Question 43

dromedary hump

Answer 43

shape of left kidney is affected by spleen bulge of corical tissue can occur on the lateral border of the kidney resemble a renal neoplasm

Question 44

fetal lobulation

Answer 44

indented in between the calyces, lobulated appearance children up to 5 yrs old persist in up to 51% adults

Question 45

junctional parenchymal defect

Answer 45

triangular, echogenic area typically located anteriorly and superiorly

Question 46

stricture

Answer 46

ureteral narrowing that may be a result of fibrosis (most common) infammatory disease TB localized periureteral fibrosis ureteral stone

Question 47

ureterocele

Answer 47

cystlike enlargement of the lower end of the ureter caused by: congenital stenosis acquired stenosis

Question 48

normal sonographic appearance of kidneys

Answer 48

smooth outer contour cortex is hypoechoic to renal sinus/isoechoic to liver widest/longest (1sag, 2 trv)

Question 49

normal sonographic appearance of kidneys

Answer 49

distended and free of echoes wall = 3-6mm