URINARY SYSTEM

Question 1

URINARY SYSTEM Composed of:

Answer 1

• Kidney
• Ureter
• Urinary bladder
• Urethra

Question 2

• Paired, reddish brown, retroperitoneal

Coverings
1.Renal capsule
2.Perirenal fat (perinephric fat)
3.Renal fascia (gerota’s fascia)
4.Pararenal (paranephric fat)

Answer 2

Kidney

Question 3

– immediate covering of the kidney

Answer 3

Renal capsule

Question 4

– around the renal capsule

Answer 4

Perirenal fat (perinephric fat)

Question 5

– external to perirenal fat; continuous with transversalis fascia

Answer 5

Renal fascia (gerota’s fascia)

Question 6

– outermost

Answer 6

Pararenal (paranephric fat)

Question 7

2 parts of kidney

Answer 7

1.Cortex – outer
2.Medulla – inner
* Renal pyramids
* Renal column
* Renal Pelvis
* Major calyx

Question 8

triangle in medulla of kidney

Answer 8

• Renal pyramids

Question 9

extension of cortex towards the medulla; between the pyramids

Answer 9

Renal column

Question 10

– union of major calyces

Answer 10

Renal Pelvis

Question 11

– union of minor calyces

Answer 11

Major calyx

Question 12

• Structural and functional unit of the kidney
• 1 million nephron each kidney

Consist of
1.Glomerulus – top of capillaries
2.Bowman’s capsule
3.Proximal convoluted tubule
4.Loop of henle
5.Distal convoluted tubule – yung kulot

Answer 12

Nephron

Question 13

– papasok ng glomerulus

Answer 13

Afferent arteriole

Question 14

– palabas ng glomerulus

Answer 14

Efferent arteriole

Question 15

– this will be the collecting duct that will drain to your minor calyx

Answer 15

Collecting tubule

Question 16

1.Inner visceral layer
* Composed of podocytes, octopus like
that terminates in branching pedicles
* Podocyte cell processes will be forming
filtration slits, together with the
endothelium of the capillary will form
the filtration membrane
2.Parietal layer
* Simple squamous epithelium

Answer 16

Bowman’s capsule

Question 16

• Glomerulus plus bowman’s capsule
• Juxtaglomerular apparatus – consist of
  a. JG cell (Juxtaglomerular cells)
  b. Macula densa
  c. Mesangial cell

Answer 16

Renal (Malphigian) corpuscle

Question 17

o Secreting substance called Renin

Answer 17

JG cell (Juxtaglomerular cells)

Question 18

o Extra glomerular mesangial cell/ Lacis cells

Answer 18

Mesangial cell

Question 18

o Part of the distal convoluted tubule - Cuboidal cells
o Columnar cells – adjacent to the afferent arteriole

Answer 18

Macula densa

Question 19

is the movement of materials across the filtration membrane into Bowman’s capsule to form filtrate

Answer 19

Filtration

Question 19

solutes are reabsorbed (purple arrow) across the wall of the nephron into the interstitial fluid by transport process, such as active transport and cotransport.

Answer 19

Reabsorption

Question 20

solutes are secreted (orange arrow) across the wall of the nephron into the capillaries.

Answer 20

Secretion

Question 20

• Acts as a filter
• 1/5 of blood flowing through the kidneys is filtered from the glomeruli
• Through filtration membrane: podocyte cell processes, basement membrane & capillary endothelium

Answer 20

Glomerular filtration

Question 21

o a force that push the water and solutes across the filtration membrane

Answer 21

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Question 22

o opposes filtration, hold the fluid inside the glomerulus exerted by plasma protein o plasma protein – like a magnet for the fluid

Answer 22

Glomerular osmotic pressure

Question 23

o opposes filtration, force exerted by the fluid inside the bowman’s capsule

Answer 23

Capsular hydrostatic pressure

Question 24

* Force responsible for filtrate formation * NFP = glomerular hydrostatic pressure – (glomerular oncotic pressure + capsular hydrostatic pressure)

Answer 24

Net filtration pressure

Question 25

* Urine osmolarity ranges from 50-1200mosm * Hyperosmolarity of the medullary fluid ensures that the urine reaching the DCT is hypo-osmolar * In the absence of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), urine becomes diluted – If you don’t have ADH, your water will not be inhibited from going out of your system. Water will be joining the solutes therefore; the urine will become diluted. * When Blood ADH increases the permeability of DCT and collecting duct to water increases (the water will not be going out, your ADH will hold the water in) * Increased osmolality/ large decrease in BP – you have less water (decreased Fluid volume) * Increased ADH release – the kidney will increase water reabsorption in decreased osmolality and increased BP(increased Fluid volume) * When you have decreased BP, JG cells will secrete the renin

Answer 25

read the Regulation of Urine concentration and volume

Question 25

* adding substance to the filtrate from blood or tubular cells * Can be active or passive * Important in eliminating urea, excess ions, drugs, and maintaining acid base balance

Answer 25

Tubular secretion

Question 25

* The process of returning needed substance from the filtrate to the capillary blood * Active or passive depending on a particular substance * Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) is the most active 80% of filtrate, nutrients water and Na, the bulk actively transported ions are reabsorbed here * Reabsorption in Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) tubule and collecting duct is controlled by Aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone

Answer 25

Tubular reabsorption

Question 26

* amount of filtrate formed per minute time * Equal to 125ml/min * Directly proportional to the net filtration pressure

Answer 26

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Question 27

* will be circulating in the lungs * angiotensin converting enzyme, this will be converted into Angiotensin II

Answer 27

Angiotensin I

Question 27

* protein in your blood * this will be converted by renin into Angiotensin I

Answer 27

Angiotensinogen

Question 28

* vasoconstrictor, there will be an increased in BP * it will stimulate the aldosterone secretion from your adrenal cortex * aldosterone – will increased Na and water reabsorption results in increased BP

Answer 28

Angiotensin II

Question 29

* The rate at which the kidneys clear the plasma for a particular solute

Answer 29

Renal clearance

Question 30

* 10 inches long muscular tube 3 anatomical constrictions 1. at the uretero-pelvic junction 2. where iliac vessels cross the ureter 3. where it joins the urinary bladder

Answer 30

Ureter

Question 31

* Prostatic * Membranous * Penile(spongy)

Answer 31

Urethra Male

Question 31

* Hollow muscular organ * Temporary storage of urine * Wall consist of detrusor muscle * Will contain folds called rugae; without rugae called trigone – smooth area * Inner – trigone occupied by ureteral orifices and urethral orifice

Answer 31

Urinary Bladder

Question 32

- widest, most dilatable, prostate gland

Answer 32

Prostatic

Question 33

– traverses’ urogenital diaphragm, shortest and least dilatable

Answer 33

Membranous

Question 34

- longest, traverses corpus spongiosum

Answer 34

Penile(spongy)

Question 35

* 4cm * Opens into vestibule

Answer 35

Urethra Female