Urinary System

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

ability of the body to maintain its internal environment at a “steady rate” & within very narrow ranges of normal regardless of external changes

Question 2

Functions of the kidneys

Answer 2

• regulates volume and chemical composition of blood
• regulates blood pressure
• produces erythropoietin
• metabolizes vitamin D to active form
• filters waste materials
• **fluids, electrolytes, acid/base balance

Question 3

Excretory functions of the kidney

Answer 3

• plasma osmolarity (varying the excret. of water to maintain plasma osmolarity)
• plasma concentration of electrolytes
• plasma pH
• nitrogen end products of protein metabolism

Question 4

Non-excretory functions of the kidney

Answer 4

• renin production
• erythropoietin production
• Vitamin D activation
• degrading insulin

Question 5

Renal system & CV system

Answer 5

• delivers blood to be filtered
• sustains pressure needed for filtration
• provides specialized capillaries for filtration

Question 6

Renal system & Nervous system

Answer 6

• regulates blood pressure via vessel tone (perfusion)

- controls the process of urination via sensory reflexs

Question 7

Renal system & Endocrine system

Answer 7

• aldosterone (adrenal cortex) – Na reabsorption and K secretion
• ADH (posterior pituitary) – water conserver and released due low blood volume or low blood pressure

Question 8

Renal system & urinary collecting system

Answer 8

• exit of urine from the body

- calyces, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, urethra

Question 9

Why is the right kidney lower than the left?

Answer 9

the liver pushes it down.

Question 10

Hilum

Answer 10

entry/exit – renal artery, renal nerves. renal vein and ureter exit

Question 11

Cortex

Answer 11

outer layer. directly underneath capsule, most nephrons and blood vessels located under the cortex (medulla)

Question 12

Medulla

Answer 12

some nephrons and collecting system

Question 13

pyramids

Answer 13

contain nephrons and blood vessels

Question 14

Bertin’s columns

Answer 14

segment of cortex -> separate medulla pyramids

Question 15

Collecting system

Answer 15

(papillae, calyces, renal pelvis)

transports urine out; no chemical modification

Question 16

Papillae

Answer 16

(ducts of bellini)

collects urin, directs into minor–>major calyces–> renal pelvis –> ureter

Question 17

Renal pelvis

Answer 17

can only hold 3-5 ml of urine

Question 18

Nephron

Answer 18

• over 1 million in each kidney. 85% are located in the cortex and 15% are juxtamedullary nephrons (pass thru the medulla)
• all nephrons are active in forming urine

Question 19

Bowman’s capsule

Answer 19

• surrounds the glomerulus

- contains everything filtered by the glomerulus

Question 20

Bowman’s capsule/glomerulus AKA…

Answer 20

renal corpusule

Question 21

Glomerulus

Answer 21

specialized cap. bed, important for filtration; very porous, filter by size (everything but RBCs and protein bc too big)

Question 22

Proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 22

-connected to bowman’s capsule and loop of henle.

Question 23

Distal convoluted tubule

Answer 23

into collecting duct (after loop)

Question 24

Collecting duct

Answer 24

-each nephron may empty into same duct. not every nephron has its own

Question 25

Macula densa

Answer 25

cells found at the point of contact between the distal convoluted tubule (beginning) and the afferent and efferent arterioles. Cells sense changes in blood volume and blood pressure.

Question 26

Juxtaglomerular cells

Answer 26

-enlarged smooth muscle cells in the arteriole walls near the glomerulus together with the macula densa

Question 27

Renin and the juxtaglomerular cells

Answer 27

renin is stored and released from the juxtaglomerular cells | sense and regulate BP