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Flashcards in Urinary System Deck (14)
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1
Q

1) What does urine production require?

A

1) increased capillary surface area (glomeruli)
2) epithelial tubules to collect plamsa filtrate and extract desirable constituents
3) duct system to convey urine away from body

2
Q

1) Where is all mesoderm derived from?
2) Where is intermediate mesoderm located?
3) What forms from intermediate mesoderm?
4) True or False: Urinary and genital systems have separate embryonic origins and common ducts
5) What does the nephrogenic cord become?
6) What does the gonadal ridge become?

A

1) primary mesenchyme that migrated through the primitive streak
2) between somites and lateral mesoderm (somatic and splanchnic mesoderm bordering coelom)
3) urogenital ridge consisting of a lateral nephrogenic cord and medial gonadal ridge
4) False; both systems have a common embryonic origin and share common ducts
5) kidney and ureter
6) ovary/testis and female/male genital tract formation

3
Q

1) What develops from each bilateral nephrogenic cord in what sequence?
2) Which two have similar development?
3) Explain the steps

A

1) in a cranial-caudal sequence, 3 kidneys: pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros
2) pronephros and mesonephros
3) -nephrogenic cord mesoderm undergoes segmentation
- segments become tubules that drain into a duct
- eventually tubules disintegrate

4
Q

1) What does the pronephros consist of?
2) What happens soon after development?
3) What happens to the duct?
4) True or False: the pronephros is NOT functional
5) except in what species?
6) Is the mesonephros functional?
7) What does the metanephros become?
8) Are kidneys essential in-utero?

A

1) 7-8 primitive tubules and a pronephric duct that grows caudally and terminates in cloaca
2) tubules soon degenerate
3) pronephric duct persists as mesonephric duct
4) True
5) sheep
6) only in SOME mammals; becomes functional kidney in adult FISH and AMPHIBIANS
7) functional kidney in adult REPTILES, BIRDS and MAMMALS
8) no because placenta is able to remove toxic agents from fetal blood

5
Q

1) What does the mesonephros consist of?
2) What induces it to form?
3) What do the two ends of the tubule do?
4) What happens to the mesonephros?
5) What happens to mesonephric duct?
6) What is the glomerulus?

A

1) 70-80 tubues
2) the mesonephric duct (former pronephric duct)
3) one surrounds the glomerulus and the other communicates with the mesonephric duct
4) eventually degenerates
5) becomes epididymis and ductus deferens and some tubules become incorporated within testis
6) vascular proliferation produced by branch of dorsal aorta

6
Q

1) What does metanephros become?
2) What happens in relation to its location?
3) True or False: metanephros is initially lobulated
4) Where does metanephros originate from?
5) What does ureteric bud develp?
6) What does metanephrogenic mass form?

A

1) adult kidney and ureter in mammals, birds and reptiles
2) originates in pelvic region and moves cranially into abdomen (embryonic growth)
3) True but becomes smooth in most speices
4) ureteric bud - grows out of mesonephric duct near cloaca

metanephrogenic mass - caudal region of nephrogenic cord

5) into ureter, renal pelvis and collecting ducts
6) nephrons

7
Q

1) What does the neural tube induce?
2) What does the bud induce?
3) What does the mass induce?
4) What do the tubules induce?

A

1) induces ureteric bud to grow into metanephrogenic mass
2) induces development of metanephrogenic mesoderm
3) induces cranial end of vreteric bud to differentiate into renal pelvis and collecting tubules
4) induce metanephrogenic mass cells to form nephrons

8
Q

1) Describe the steps of nephron formation

A

1) adjacen to collecting tubules, mesodermal cells of metanephrogenic mass proliferate and form cell cords
2) cords canalize and elongate –> S-shaped metanephric tubules –> nephrons
3) one end of metanephric tubule expands to surround a capillary glomerulus (form glomerular capsule)
4) othe end establishes communication with collecting tubues
5) btw two ends, metanephric tubule differentiates into regions characteristic of nephron: proximal segment, thin loop, distal segment

9
Q

1) Nephrons develop from _________ to ________ in kidneys.
2) What happens to many of the early nephrons?
3) Do nephrons continue to form postnatally?
4) True or False” Thereafter, nephrons can be replaced if they are damaged

A

1) deep to superficial
2) many degenerate
3) yes they form and mature postnatally (except in bovine)
4) False, they can’t be replaced if they are damaged

10
Q

1) What divides the cloaca? into what?
2) What does each part become?
3) What happens to the membranes?
4) What happens cranially?
5) What is the urachus?

A

1) urorectal septum divides cloaca into dorsal and ventral parts
2) dorsally, rectum and anal canal and anal membranes

ventrally, urogenital sinus and urogential membrane

3) membranes degenerate –> anus and urogenital orifice
4) urogenital sinus connects with the urachus
5) intra-embryonic stalk of allantois

11
Q

1) Where does the urinary bladder develop from?
2) What does this growth result in?
3) What happens with the dorsal wall?
4) What is the trigone region?

A

1) cranial end of urogenital sinus and adjacent region of urachus
2) growth expansion –> separate opening of mesonephric duct and ureter into dorsal wall of urogenital sinus
3) differential growth of dorsal wall –> mesonephric duct and ureter openings being switches cranio-caudally –> creating trigone region
4) neck of bladder –> anchors ureter to bladder and urethra

12
Q

1) Where does the urethra develop from?
2) Describe urethra development in female
3) Describe urethra development in male
4) In fetus, where is urine discharged?
5) True or False: penile urethra and vestibule develop from same tissue

A

1) from urogenital sinus, caudal to urinary bladder
2) midregion of urogenital sinus becomes urethra –> caudal region of urogenital sinus –> vestibule and vagina growths out of vestibule wall
3) pelvic urethra develops from midregion of sinus and penile urethra develops from elongation of caudal end of sinus
4) into allantoic cavity through urachus and into amniotic cavity through urogenital orifice
5) True

13
Q

1) What is another name for hydronephrosis?
2) What is it?
3) What is another name for patent urachus?
4) What is it?
5) What is an ectopic ureter

A

1) cystic/polycystic kidneys
2) resutl from ureteric atresia or failure of npehrons to communicate/connect with collecting tubules
3) urachal fistula
4) results from failure of allantoic stalk to close at birth;

and vesicourachal diverticulum (urachus persists as a bladder pouch –> chronic cystitis)

5) where ureter opens into the urethra or vagina instead of the bladder; source of incontinence because urine is delivered beyond urinary sphincters

14
Q

1) What does the adrenal gland consist of?
2) Where is the adrenal medulla derived?
3) Where does adrenal cortex arise from?

A

1) adernal medulla and adernal cortex –> embryologically, histologically and functionally different; combined anatomically
2) derived from neural crest (ectoderm)
3) arises from cells of mesonephric tubules –> dissociate and migrate to location of adrenal gland after mesonephros degenerates