Urinary System

Question 1

2 things that determine glomerular filterability:

Answer 1

1. Molecular weight

2. Charges of the molecule

Question 2

3 processes that form urine:

Answer 2

1. Glomerular filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption
3. Tubular secretion

Question 3

Which blood vessel has the “MOST PRESSURE ON THE KIDNEY?”

Answer 3

Renal artery

Question 4

The blood vessel BEFORE the glomerulus capillaries?

Answer 4

Afferent arteriole

Question 5

Type of nephron we HAVE THE MOST OF?

Answer 5

Cortical nephron

Question 6

Structure “SHARED BY SEVERAL NEPHRONS that “DRAIN AT THE TIP OF THE PYRAMID?”

Answer 6

Collecting ducts

Question 7

What part of the nephron is “MADE OF EPITHELIAL CELLS RICH IN MITOCHONDRIA?”

Answer 7

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

Question 8

4 major components of a nephron:

Answer 8

1. Glomerulus
2. Proximal Convo Tubule (PCT)
3. Loop of nephron
4. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

Question 9

“BIG BALL OF CAPILLARIES?”

Answer 9

Glomerulus

Question 10

The location major calyces will fuse?

Answer 10

Renal pelvis

Question 11

The covering of the kidney that is the “FATTY MASS THAT CUSHIONS?”

Answer 11

Perirenal fat

Question 12

The covering of the kidney that is “EXTERNAL TO THE RENAL FASCIA?”

Answer 12

Pararenal fat

Question 13

2-3 of these per kidney?

Answer 13

Major calyx

Question 14

The “LIGHT COLORED, GRANULAR SUPERFICIAL REGION” of the kidney?

Answer 14

Cortex

Question 15

Approximately what level of the spine are the kidneys located?

Answer 15

T11 & T12

Question 16

What hormone “TECHNICALLY AN ENZYME, ALLOWS THE ADRENAL GLAND TO SECRETE ALDOSTERONE” and “REGULATE SALT-WATER BALANCE?”

Answer 16

Renin

Question 17

Kidneys are approximately 6 centimeters wide, 3 centimeters thick, and how long?

Answer 17

12 centimeters long

Question 18

Hormone “SECRETED BY THE KIDNEYS TO STIMULATE RED BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION?”

Answer 18

Erythropoietin

Question 19

When the heart releases a substance due to “BLOOD VOLUME INCREASES?”

Answer 19

Arterial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH)

Question 20

Aldosterone promotes the excretion of what?

Answer 20

Potassium (K+)

Question 21

Production made by muscle cells from the “BREAKDOWN OF CREATINE PHOSPHATE?”

Answer 21

Creatinine

Question 22

Process that forms urine where “SUBSTANCES MOVE FROM THE BLOOD TO THE CAPSULE?”

Answer 22

Glomerular filtration

Question 23

Angiotensinogenase is needed to convert angiotensinogen to what?

Answer 23

Angiotensin I

Question 24

Waste product made by the breakdown of nucleotides?

Answer 24

Uric acid

Question 25

6 things the Proximal Convoluted Tubule reabsorbs?

Answer 25

1. Glucose 2. Water 3. Urea 4. Proteins 5. Creatine 6. Amino 7. Lactic 8. Citric 9. Uric acids 10. Phosphate 11. Sulfate 12. Calcium 13. Potassium 14. Sodium ions

Question 26

Process that forms urine where "SUBSTANCES MOVE FROM THE PLASMA OF THE PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES, INTO THE RENAL TUBULES?"

Answer 26

Tubular secretion

Question 27

Which of the 3 processes that form urine "REQUIRES ATP?"

Answer 27

Tubular secretion

Question 28

2 things that increases Glomerular Filtration Rate?

Answer 28

1. Increased renal blood flow | 2. Decreased plasma proteins

Question 29

Which process involving movement in the kidneys is a "COUNTER-TRANSPORT MECHANISM?"

Answer 29

Antiports

Question 30

1 moiety that "MOVES WITH SODIUM AS PART OF A SYMPORT?"

Answer 30

Glucose

Question 31

What process of the absorption in the kidney is "CELL DRINKING?"

Answer 31

Pinocytosis

Question 32

"REABSORPTION OF SODIUM IONS BY ACTIVE TRANSPORT" occurs where in the kidney?

Answer 32

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

Question 33

What type of hormone is Aldosterone?

Answer 33

Steroid hormone

Question 34

Aldosterone causes the "REABSORPTION OF SODIUM" where?

Answer 34

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) Collecting Duct (CD)

Question 35

Where is Aldosterone synthesized?

Answer 35

Adrenal cortex

Question 36

Which hormonal mechanisms "REGULATE RENIN SECRETION?"

Answer 36

Epinephrine (Epi) Norepinephrine (NorEpi) Prostaglandins

Question 37

Tension of what artery influences or regulates renin secretion?

Answer 37

Afferent artery

Question 38

Clearance of a solute is also a measurement of what?

Answer 38

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Question 39

3 tissue types that make up the trilayered wall of the ureter?

Answer 39

1. Transitional epithelial 2. Smooth muscle 3. Fibrous Connective Tisssue

Question 40

The urinary bladder is connected anteriorly to the median umbilical ligament known as?

Answer 40

Urachus

Question 41

Which sphincter for the urethra are "INVOLUNTARY?"

Answer 41

Internal urethral sphincter

Question 42

Which 2 urinary sphincter are "VOLUNTARY?"

Answer 42

1. External urethral sphincter | 2. Levator ani muscle

Question 43

Blood in the urine?

Answer 43

Hematuria

Question 44

4 things that discolor the urine?

Answer 44

1. Jaundice 2. Drugs 3. Food 4. Disease

Question 45

2 causes of Oligouria?

Answer 45

1. Hypotension | 2. Hypovolemia

Question 46

What is polyuria?

Answer 46

Persistent, large increase in urine output usually associated with nocturia

Question 47

What is nocturia?

Answer 47

Nighttime urination

Question 48

Osmolality in a urinalysis is used to determine what imbalances?

Answer 48

Ionic

Question 49

Water on the kidneys?

Answer 49

Hydronephrosis

Question 50

Common cause of hydronephrosis?

Answer 50

Decrease in fat tissue surrounding the kidney

Question 51

3 things that can lead to Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)?

Answer 51

1. Bacteria growth 2. Close proximity to the anus 3. Shorter urethra 4. Sex 5. Urinary retention (holding urine too long)

Question 52

Which abnormality of the kidney is "ABNORMAL FORMATION OF THE PROXIMAL TUBULE?"

Answer 52

Tubular Dysgenesis

Question 53

Which abnormality of the kidneys is "REDUCED NUMBER OF NEPHRONS THAT ARE ABNORMALLY LARGE?"

Answer 53

Oligomeganephronia

Question 54

Bladder infection?

Answer 54

Cystitis

Question 55

The "BREAKDOWN OF AMINO ACIDS IN THE LIVER" produces which waste product?

Answer 55

Urea

Question 56

4 functions of the urinary system?

Answer 56

1. Excretion of metabolic wastes 2. Maintenance of water-salt balance 3. Maintenance of acid-base balance 4. Hormone secretion: renin & erythropoietin (EPO) 5. Reabsorb filtered nutrients and convert vitamin D

Question 57

4 effects of angiotensin II?

Answer 57

1. Vasoconstriction 2. Increased Aldosterone secretion 3. Increased ADH secretion 4. Increased thirst

Question 58

Increased number of kidney infections, or injury to the kidneys from physical trauma can cause what?

Answer 58

Renal failure

Question 59

2 causes of urinary retention?

Answer 59

1. After general anesthesia | 2. Prostate problems

Question 60

Peritoneal membrane filter that "ALLOWS PEOPLE TO GO ABOUT THEIR NORMAL LIFE" even with kidney disease?

Answer 60

Continous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)

Question 61

Urinary "BACKING UP FROM BLADDER TO URETER OR KIDNEY?"

Answer 61

Vesicoureteral reflux

Question 62

What are kidney stones associated with?

Answer 62

1. Urinary Tract Infection's (UTI's) 2. Enlarged prostate 3. pH imbalances 4. Intake of too much calcium

Question 63

4 causes of incontinence?

Answer 63

1. Emotional stress 2. Pregnancy 3. Nervous system disease 4. Stroke 5. Laughing / coughing

Question 64

A "TRIANGULAR AREA" that is "CLINICALLY RELEVANT, OUTLINED BY THE OPENINGS OF THE URETERS AND THE URETHRA?"

Answer 64

Trigone

Question 65

"PRECIPITATED PROTEINS" or "CYLINDRICAL BODIES" in the urine are often seen normally when?

Answer 65

After exercise

Question 66

Which abnormality of the urinary system is where there is "FUSION OF THE KIDNEYS AT ONE POLE?"

Answer 66

Horseshoe kidney

Question 67

A region of the kidney that exhibits a dozen cone-shaped pyramids?

Answer 67

Renal medulla

Question 68

How many minor calyces per major calyx?

Answer 68

2-3