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Semester 2 CNM > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

Four functions of urinary system

A

Excretion of unwanted substances
Maintenance of water and electrolyte balance
pH regulation of body fluids especially the blood
Production of hormones (erythropoietin and calcitrol)

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2
Q

Name the metabolic wastes excreted by the kidneys

A
  1. Urea
  2. Uric acid
  3. Creatinine
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3
Q

What do the metabolic wastes all contain?

A

Nitrogen

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4
Q

Which type of waste do the kidneys specialise in removing?

A

Nitrogenous wastes

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5
Q

What is urea?

A

A metabolite of protein metabolism

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6
Q

What is Uric acid?

A

A product of purine metabolism

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7
Q

What is creatinine?

A

An end product of muscle metabolism

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8
Q

Three types of excretion from the kidneys?

A

Metabolic wastes
Ions
Toxins

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9
Q

Which main Ion is excreted from the kidneys?

A

Hydrogen

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10
Q

What is the minimum urine content required to clear body waste per day?

A

500ml

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11
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Electrically charged atoms in solution

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12
Q

What are the three most important electrolytes regulated by the kidneys?

A

Sodium
Potassium
Hydrogen

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13
Q

How do the kidneys contribute to balancing PH in the body?

A

They excrete H+ into the urine which produces HC03 (bicarbonate)

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14
Q

What is the region the blood PH must stay between?

A

7.35-7.45

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15
Q

What is the active form of vitamin D?

A

Calcitrol

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16
Q

What hormone increases bone formation?

A

Calcitrol

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17
Q

How does calcitrol increase bone formation?

A
  1. Stimulates calcium & magnesium uptake from GIT

2. Reduces calcium loss in kidney

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18
Q

Where is erythropoietin secreted from into the blood?

A

Kidneys

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19
Q

In renal failure, erythropoietin production is inadequate leading to which condition?

A

Anemia

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20
Q

What is the renal threshold for glucose?

A

9mmol/L

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21
Q

What is the normal blood glucose level?

A

4-7mml/L

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22
Q

What happens to your blood pressure when more water is excreted?

A

It is lowered

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23
Q

What happens to your blood pressure when less water is excreted?

A

Higher blood pressure

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24
Q

Which enzyme secreted by the kidneys works to regulate blood pressure?

A

Renin

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25
What pathway is activated by Renin?
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone pathway
26
What does increased renin cause?
Increased blood pressure
27
Which kidney is lower?
Right
28
Why is the right kidney lower?
Because the liver occupies considerable space on the right side
29
Name the three layers of a kidney from inside out
1. Renal capsule 2. Adipose capsule 3. Renal fascia
30
What is the function of the adipose capsule?
Providing protection and support
31
What maintains the kidney shape?
Renal capsule
32
Which anchors kidneys to surrounding structures?
Renal fascia
33
What is the adipose capsule made of?
Fatty tissue
34
What is the thin outer layer of the kidneys called?
Renal fascia
35
What is the renal cortex?
The outside, light red area of the kidney
36
What is the renal medulla?
The inner structure of kidney
37
What are renal pyramids?
Cone shaped stricter in the renal medulla
38
What is the apex of each renal pyramid called?
Renal papilla
39
What is the functional portion of the kidney made up of?
The renal pyramids and the renal cortex
40
How much cardiac output does the kidney receive?
20-25%
41
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
42
What are the two parties of a nephron?
1. Renal corpuscle | 2. Renal tubule
43
Name the two parts of the renal corpuscle
1. Glomerulus | 2. Bowman’s capsule
44
What is the tangled capillary network in the renal corpuscle
Glomerulus
45
What is the Bowman’s capsule?
Double walked epithelial cup surrounding the glomerulus, receiving contents of filtered blood
46
How thick is the epithelium of a nephron?
Single layer
47
Name the three sections of the renal tubule
1. Proximal convoluted tubule 2. Loop of Henle 3. Distal convoluted tubule
48
What part of a nephron is the Loop of Henle in?
Renal tubule
49
Which hormone acts on the distal convoluted tubule to reabsorb water?
Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
50
Which part of the nephron has an important role in reabsorption and secretion of various solutes?
Renal tubule
51
Name two important roles of the renal tubule?
Reabsorption and secretion
52
How many ureters do we have?
2
53
Name the order of the four parts of the urinary system from top to bottom
Kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra
54
How is urine moved to the bladder?
Peristaltic contractions
55
How long is each ureter?
25-30cm long
56
What prevents the back flow of urine in the ureters?
A valve
57
How many layers form the walk of the ureters?
3
58
Name the three layers of the wall of the ureters
1. Inner mucous membranes 2. Muscular is 3. Adventitia
59
The inner mucous membrane of the ureter is able to stretch because of its:
Transitional epithelium
60
What cells in the ureters protect it from urine? And how?
Go let cells that secrete mucous
61
The muscularis of the ureters produces what to move urine?
Peristaltic contractions
62
Which layer of the ureters wall contains blood and lymph vessels?
Adventitia
63
What does the adventitia contain?
Blood and lymph vessels | Nerves
64
What is the total capacity of the bladder?
600-700mp
65
What is the triangular area on the posterior floor of the bladder called?
Trigone
66
What borders the trigone?
Two ureteral openings and the urethral opening
67
Muscularis in the bladder is also known as:
The detrusor muscle
68
What is the detrusor muscle
The middle layer of the bladder tissue, the muscularis
69
What is the tube leading from the bladder to the exterior of the body?
The urethra
70
Why’s the difference between the internal urethral sphincter and the external urethral sphincter?
Internal is involuntary | External is voluntary
71
How long is a female urethra?
4cm
72
How long is a male urethra?
20cm
73
Name the three portions of a male urethra
Prostatic Membranous Spongy
74
Which gland does the male urethra pass through?
Prostate
75
Where does the male urethra receive semen during ejaculation?
Prostate
76
What are the three processes in urine production?
1. Glomerular filtration 2. Tubular reabsorption 3. Tubular secretion
77
Where does glomuerular filtration take place?
In the renal corpuscle
78
What does tubular reabsorption take place?
Renal tubules
79
Where does tubular secretion take place?
Renal tubules
80
What passes through in glomerular filtration?
Water and small molecules
81
What doesn’t pass through in glomerular filtration?
Blood cells, plasma proteins and other large molecules
82
How is glomerular filtration adapted for filtration?
The diameter of the efferent arteriolar is less than that of the after end arteriole Glomerular capillaries are 50x more leaky than normal capillaries
83
Are glomerular capillaries more leaky than normal ones?
Yes, 50x more
84
Name three Blood constituents that pas into glomerular filtrates other than water
Electrolytes Amino acids Hormones
85
Name the blood constituents that remain in glomerular capillaries
Leukocytes Erythrocytes Platelets Plasma proteins
86
How many main filtration pressures are there?
3
87
What does blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries do?
Promotes filtration by forcing substances through the membrane
88
What opposes filtration?
Blood colour osmotic pressure | Capsular hydrostatic pressure
89
What is blood colloid osmotic pressure?
Proteins present in blood plasma within the glomerular capillaries
90
What is capsular hydrostatic pressure?
Back pressure of the fluid that has already filtered through

Semester 2 CNM (1 decks)

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