Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Semester 4 > urinary system AP400 (structure) > Flashcards

urinary system AP400 (structure) Flashcards

1
Q

components of urinary system

A

kidneys (2)

urinary tract:
–> ureters (2)
–> urinary bladder
–> urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 kidneys receive ___% of CARDIAC OUTPUT

A

25%

(liver receives another 25)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

two kidneys are major ___ organ of the urinary system

A

excretory organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

kidneys produce

A

Produce urine (fluid containing water,
ions, and small soluble substances)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ureters

A

receive urine from the kidneys

Conduct urine to the urinary bladder by gravity and peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

urinary bladder

A

receives and stores urine

Contraction of muscle in walls drives urination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

urethra

A

conducts urine from the
bladder to outside the body

In the penis, also conducts semen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

8 MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF URINARY SYSTEM

A

1) regulate blood ions
Ca2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, PO43- (phosphate)

2) regulate blood pH
excrete H+
conserve HCO3- (remember: bicarbonate buffers H+ in blood)

3) regulate blood volume
excrete or conserve H2O

4) regulate blood pressure
secrete renin (+ renin = + bp)

5) regulate blood glucose
Site of gluconeogenesis —> new glucose
(in liver/kidneys)

6) maintain blood osmolarity
regulate loss of H2O & loss of solutes
Therefore, maintain 300 mOsm/L
—> # of dissolved particles/L of solution

7) produces hormones
calcitriol
erythropoietin (EPO)

8) excrete wastes
ammonia, urea, bilirubin, creatinine, uric acid, drugs, environmental toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

kidney anatomy – COLOUR

A

reddish brown colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

kidney, dimensions and weight

A

~10 cm (4 in.) long; ~5.5 cm (2.2 in.) wide; ~3 cm (1.2 in.) thick

Weight: ~150 g (5.25 oz)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

kidney is located in a ____ position

A

Located in a RETROPERITONEAL position

I.e.
Between the muscles of the posterior body wall and the parietal peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

kidney location

A

Either side of vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

kidney is protected by

A

Visceral organs (anteriorly)

(posteriorly and laterally)
Body wall musculature and the 11th and 12th ribs (posteriorly and laterally)

—> half covered by ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

left kidney slightly superior to right kidney

WHY?

A

LIVER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

kidneys connected to BLADDER by URETERS

A

Empty into the posterior, inferior
surface of the urinary bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

KIDNEY SURROUNDED BY THREE connective tissue layers

A

1) renal (fibrous) capsule)

2) perirenal fat

3) renal fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

1) renal (fibrous) capsule

A

Deepest layer

layer of collagen fibers on the outer surface of the kidney

Projects collagen fibers through the perinephric (PERIRENAL) fat to the renal fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

2) perirenal fat (adipose capsule)

A

Thick layer of adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Renal fascia (dense, fibrous outer layer)

A

Anchors the kidney to surrounding structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

hilum of kidney

A

Medial indentation

Point of entry/exit for the renal artery, renal nerves, renal vein, and the ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

renal sinus

A

Lined with fibrous capsule

internal cavity within the kidney, filled with fat
—> PROTECTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

renal sinus (google)

A

“The renal sinus is a central part of your kidney where things go in (like nerves and arteries) and come out (like pee, veins and lymphatic channels).”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

internal anatomy of kidney

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The parenchyma of the kidney can be divided into an outer and inner region

A

Renal cortex
(Outer region)

Renal medulla
(Inner region)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
renal cortex
LIGHTER red in colour where renal corpuscles are found (i.e. Where blood is filtered and urine is initially formed)
26
renal columns are ...
Extensions of the cortex into medulla
27
renal medulla
darker brown in colour with renal pyramids separated by renal columns
28
renal medulla contains ...
a) nephron loop b) papillary ducts c) collecting ducts (more later)
29
renal pyramids are ...
Ends in RENAL PAPILLA (apex of pyramid, facing hilum)
30
renal columns separate
pyramids
31
kidney lobe or renal lobe
pyramid, the overlying cortex, and adjacent renal columns
32
each kidney contains how many lobes?
each kidney contains 6–18 lobes
33
Minor calyx
Collects urine from a single kidney lobe
34
major calyx
Forms from the fusion of 4–5 minor calyces
35
renal pelvis
Funnel-shaped structure that collects urine from major calyces Continuous with the ureter
36
kidney anatomy: NEPHRONS
..
37
functional unit of kidney
NEPHRON
38
nephrons function
Nephrons produce urine in the process of removing waste and excess substances from the blood
39
how many nephrons per kidney?
~ 1 million nephrons per kidney
40
nephrons at birth
you are born with all nephrons oyu will have
41
can nephrons regenerate
no (not if damaged beyond repair)
42
to what capacity of 2 kidneys can 1 kidney work if left on its own?
80%
43
do signs of kidney dysfunction generally show in early stages?
No. do not show until <25% of normal function
44
Components of the NEPHRON
1) renal corpuscle 2) renal tubule
45
renal corpuscle
Blood pressure forces water/solutes out of the glomerular capillaries in a process called FILTRATION Collected in the surrounding capsular space
46
filtration produces FILTRATE, which is
protein-free solution, similar to blood plasma
47
renal tubule
Tubular passageway up to 50 mm long Receives FILTRATE and MODIFIES it to create urine
48
renal corpuscle consists of ___ & ___
"It consists of a knot of capillaries (GLOMERULUS) surrounded by a double-walled capsule (BOWMAN'S CAPSULE) that opens into a tubule."
49
renal corpuscle
Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule) (Cup-shaped chamber) + Capillary network (glomerulus) (Where filtration occurs)
50
the glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule) STRUCTURE
epithelial cup, consists of ---> a) parietal layer b) visceral layer c) capsular space
51
parietal layer of epithelial cup -- structure
simple squamous epithelium
52
visceral layer of the epithelial cup
forms FILTRATION membrane consists of PODOCYTES
53
podocytes structure
modified simple squamous epithelial cells
54
pedicels (podocyte feet)
wrap around endothelial cells and form filtration slits
55
c) CAPSULAR SPACE of epithelial cup
lumen of urinary tube
56
FILTRATION MEMBRANE (visceral layer of epithelial cup of GLOMERULAR CAPSULE) structure
1) Fenestrated glomerular capillaries ---> Contain large diameter pores 2) ​Dense layer ---> Specialized basement membrane 3) PODOCYTE Filtration slits
57
the importance of preventing plasma proteins from slipping into c) CAPSULAR SPACE
is ensured via the combination of the THREE layers of the FILTRATION MEMBRANE (of the VISCERAL layer of the EPITHELIAL CUP of the GLOMERULAR CAPSULE)
58
name the THREE components of the filtration membrane of the visceral layer of the epithelial cup of the glomerular capsule (OF THE RENAL CORPUSCLE)
1) fenestrated glomerular capillaries 2) basement membrane 3) podocytes slits
59
recall two components of nephron
RENAL CORPUSCLE RENAL TUBULE
60
RENAL CORPUSCLE review
renal corpuscle (glomerular capsule + capillary network (GLOMERULUS) glomerular capsule (epithelial cup) ---> parietal layer, visceral layer, capsular space visceral layer (filtration membrane) ---> capillaries, basement membrane, podocytes
61
2) RENALE TUBULE
a) PCT (proximal convoluted tubule) b) Nephron Loop c) DCT (distal convoluted tubule)
62
proximal convoluted tubule
Reabsorbs nutrients from the FILTRATE (now called TUBULAR FLUID)
63
the PCT is entirely in which part of the kidney?
THE CORTEX
64
important structure of the PCT which helps with absorption (hint: surface area)
MICROVILLI increase SA
65
2) Nephron loop (aka loop of Henle)
Establishes osmotic gradient for water reabsorption Each limb contains a thin segment and a thick segment
66
distal convoluted tubule
Adjusts tubular fluid composition by REABSORPTION and SECRETION
67
Kidney anatomy: COLLECTING SYSTEM
..
68
The filtrate enters ____ after ____
enters COLLECTING SYSTEM after moving through the RENAL TUBULES
69
COLLECTING SYSTEM is ...
Series of TUBES carrying filtrate *away* from the nephron
70
components of the COLLECTING SYSTEM
collecting duct papillary duct
71
collecting ducts (of the collecting system)
Collects fluid from many nephrons Carries fluid through the renal medulla
72
collecting ducts of collecting system are lined with TWO cell types
---> INTERCALATED CELLS (play a role in secreting and reabsorbing HYDROGEN and BICARBONATE ions) ---> PRINCIPAL CELLS (reabsorb water and SECRETE POTASSIUM)
73
which cells of the COLLECTING DUCT secrete POTASSIUM
principal cells
74
which cells of collecting duct reabsorb WATER
principal cells
75
which cells of the collecting duct are involved with maintaining pH homeostasis
Intercalated cells (play a role in secreting and reabsorbing hydrogen and bicarbonate ions)
76
Papillary ducts of
77
order
glomerular capsule ---> PCT --> descending nephron loop --> ascending nephron loop --> DCT --> colelcting ducts --> papillary ducts --> minor calyx --> major calyx ---> renal pevlis --> ureter --> bladder --> urethra
78
PATHWAY OF FILTRATE / urine Where is it filtrate? where is it urine?
1) filtrate (@ nephron) 2) filtrate (@ collecting ducts) 3) filtrate (@ papillary ducts) 4) URINE afterwards until excretion (from minor calyces until urethra)
79
TWO TYPES OF NEPHRONS (microscopic functional units of the kidney)
1) Cortical nephrons 2) Juxtamedullary nephrons
80
what percentage of nephrons are CORTICAL NEPHRONS
85 percent of all nephrons Located primarily in the cortex (cortical) Responsible for MOST regulatory functions
81
2) ​Juxtamedullary nephrons
15 percent of all nephrons Long nephron loop extending deep into medulla Essential to producing concentrated urine
82
IMPORTANT FUNCTION OF JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRONS
Essential to producing concentrated urine
83
ARTERIAL SYSTEM (kidneys)
..
84
each kidney receives blood from a ___
RENAL ARTERY (R + L)
85
where do RENAL ARTERIES branch off of?
ABDOMINAL AORTA
86
renal arteries turn into ____
Segmental arteries (Supply certain segments of the kidney)
87
segmental arteries become
Renal artery → Segmental arteries → Interlobar arteries ---> interlobar arteries run in between renal LOBES
88
INTERLOBAR ARTERIES become ____
ARCUATE ARTERIES Renal artery → Segmental arteries → Interlobar arteries → Arcuate arteries which ---> arch along the boundary between the
89
arcuate arteries become ....
Cortical radiate arteries ---> extend into cortex
90
THEN, cortical radiate arteries become ...
AFFERENT ARTERIOLES afferent arterioles supply each nephron, specifically a capillary knot known as a glomerulus
91
glomerulus path of circulation
the glomerulus drains into EFFERENT ARTERIOLES and leaves the renal corpuscle (led into by AFFERENT ARTERIOLES)
92
renal circulation -- recap
Renal artery → Segmental arteries → Interlobar arteries → Arcuate arteries → Cortical radiate arteries → afferent arterioles → glomerulus → efferent arterioles
93
blood flow of nephron
Afferent arteriole ---> Supplies blood to each individual nephron Glomerulus ---> Inside the renal corpuscle ---> Where filtration takes place Efferent arteriole ---> Carries blood from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries
94
where does efferent arteriole LEAD INTO?
Efferent arterioles ---> peritubular capillaries (vasa recta) ---> (Cortical radiate veins ---> Arcuate veins ---> Interlobar veins) ---> Renal vein ---> in brackets is FYI ___ Renal artery → Segmental arteries → Interlobar arteries → Arcuate arteries → Cortical radiate arteries → afferent arterioles → glomerulus → efferent arterioles
95
Blood flow around a CORTICAL nephron
Peritubular capillaries: --> Surround the entire renal tubule --> Collect water and solutes absorbed by the nephron --> Deliver other solutes to the nephron for secretion --> Drain into cortical radiate veins
96
Blood flow around a JUXTAMEDULLARY nephron
Same blood flow until after the peritubular capillaries ----- Vasa recta (vasa, vessels + recta, straight) ----- Connected to the distal end of the peritubular capillaries Long, straight capillaries that parallel the nephron loop Transport water and solutes within the renal medulla Drain into cortical radiate veins
97
renal veins drain into
The renal veins drain directly into the inferior vena cava
98
nerve supply to kidney
innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS
99
sympathetic innervaiton of kidneys vs parasympathetic innervation
Sympathetic innervation is most important, parasympathetic function is not well understood
100
function of sympathetic innervation (SNS) on kidneys
vasodilate/vasoconstrict renal arteries to regulate blood flow through the kidneys
101
what does activating SNS do to kidneys
As a whole, activating sympathetic innervation to kidney increases water retention and leads to increased blood pressure
102

Semester 4 (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions