Urinary System KuraCloud Q's

Question 1

Each kidney receives blood from the ________ artery.

Answer 1

renal

Question 2

What is the name of the structure that is located superior of each kidney?

Answer 2

adrenal glands

Question 3

Name and briefly describe the three main functions of the kidneys.

Answer 3

1. excretion: removal of metabolic wastes from body fluids
2. elimination: discharge of wastes from body
3. homeostatic regulation of blood volume and solute concentration

Question 4

Beyond filtration, what are the other homeostatic functions of the urinary system?

Answer 4

• regulation of blood volume
• regulation of blood pressure
• conserving valuable nutrients
• stabilisation of blood pH
• assisting liver in detoxification of poisons
• regulation of plasma ion concentrations

Question 5

What internal structure of the kidney is the ‘functional unit’ of the kidney (i.e. the smallest structure that can carry out the functions of the urinary system)?

Answer 5

nephron

Question 6

Nephrons consist of ________________________ .

Answer 6

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

Question 7

Which of the above structures filters blood and what type of capillary allows this to occur?

Answer 7

glomerulus; fenestrated capillary

Question 8

Which of the following structures returns filtered blood to the circulation?

Answer 8

efferent arteriole

Question 9

What is the name of the fluid that enters the renal tubule?

Answer 9

filtrate

Question 10

While travelling along the renal tubule, filtrate gradually changes in composition due to substances being _________ or _________ into or from capillaries that surround the nephron

Answer 10

reabsorbed; secreted

Question 11

what are the functions of the renal corpuscle and renal tubule?

Answer 11

renal corpuscle
- filters blood
- filters glucose and small molecules from blood into filtrate
- retains proteins and large molecules (re too large to be filtered and return to blood)
renal tubule
- reabsorb 90% of water from filtrate
- reabsorbs useful organic nutrients that enter filtrate
- secrete waste products into filtrate

Question 12

Filtrate passes from the distal convoluted tubule to the ______________ .

Answer 12

collecting duct

Question 13

The three basic steps of urine formation are:

Answer 13

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

Question 14

Is glomerular filtration a passive process or does it require energy?

Answer 14

Passive process - blood hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through the filtration membrane

Question 15

What does the term glomerular filtration rate (GFR) mean?

Answer 15

amount of filtrate that the kidneys produce each minute

Question 16

Extrinsic regulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) involves the nervous system and endocrine system. Which of the following are involved in the hormonal regulation of glomerular filtration rate if the homeostatic disturbance involves an abnormally low glomerular filtration rate?

Answer 16

• stimulates reabsorption of sodium ions and water
• stimulates secretion of aldosterone
• stimulates release of antiduiretic hormone (ADH)

Question 17

illustrate how the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) corrects a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Answer 17

disturbed homeostasis (decreased GFR) –> stimulates release of renin –> activates angiotensin II –> which increases blood pressure and blood volume –> increase GFR –> homeostasis restored

Question 18

Reabsorption is the process of recovering useful materials from the filtrate and returning them to the blood. The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is the first part of the renal tubule following the renal corpuscle. How much of the filtrate produced in the renal corpuscle is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 18

60-70%

Question 19

What other substances are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 19

sodium ions
glucose
amino acids

Question 20

Where does calcium ion (Ca2+) reabsorption occur and what hormone regulates this?

Answer 20

distal convoluted tubule; parathyroid hormone

Question 21

Which hormone stimulates sodium ion (Na+) reabsorption from the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 21

aldosterone

Question 22

Which hormone stimulates cells of the collecting ducts to reabsorb water?

Answer 22

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 23

Tubular secretion involves movement of substances from the blood into the filtrate. Almost all tubular secretion occurs in the ________________ .

Answer 23

distal convoluted tubule

Question 24

what substances are secreted in the nephron?

Answer 24

• organic acids
• undesirable substances
• hydrogen ions
• bicarbonate

Question 25

The hormone aldosterone also stimulates secretion of excess ____________ into the filtrate?

Answer 25

potassium ions

Question 26

Urine formation occurs once the filtrate has undergone final modifications in the collecting ducts. Urine drains from the collecting ducts into the _____________ . Name the other structures that urine passes through, in the correct order, ending with the structure that excretes urine into the external environment

Answer 26

minor calyx Urine then passes from the minor calyx into the major calyx which then drain into the renal pelvis. From the renal pelvis, urine drains into the ureters and then to the urinary bladder. Urine is excreted from the urinary bladder to the external environment via the urethra

Question 27

what substances should be found in the urine of a normal healthy person?

Answer 27

- water - urea - sodium ions - bicarbonate - potassium ions - calcium ions

Question 28

What type of epithelial tissue permits stretch and recoil of the bladder?

Answer 28

transitional

Question 29

What is the name of the structure near the glomerulus that is involved in both intrinsic (autoregulation) and extrinsic (nervous system and endocrine system) regulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Answer 29

juxtaglomerular complex

Question 30

The term erythropoiesis describes the _______________ .

Answer 30

production of red blood cells

Question 31

the kidneys secrete erythropoietin in response to __________________ .

Answer 31

low oxygen levels in kidney tissues (or kidney hypoxia)

Question 32

Why does the body produce more red blood cells in response to low tissue oxygen levels?

Answer 32

Red blood cells carry oxygen in the blood. Thus, increasing the number of red blood cells means that the blood can carry more oxygen to the tissues