Urinary system pathology 4 Flashcards
(46 cards)
Name the toxic disease of the lower urinary tract that primarily affects cattle
Enzootic haematuria
Enzootic haematuria is caused by…?
Grazing on bracken associated toxins
What are the toxic effects of Enzootic haematuria?
- Hyperplasia, metaplasia
- Haemorrhagic cystitis
- Haematuria
How does Enzootic haematuria affect the mucosa of the LUT?
Chronic squamous or mucosa metaplasia
- transitional epithelium becomes squamous
- thicker, keratin on the surface, develops goblet cells (mucus)
Where do tumours due to enzootic haematuria form?
Most commonly in the neck of the bladder - trigone area, adjacent to the urethral sphincter
Which are the signs of enzootic haematuria?
Chronic weight loss, common in cows with bladder tumours – inappetent due to pain in abdomen
Give examples of mesenchymal tumours of the bladder.
- Leiomyoma or Leiomyosarcoma – s.muscle
- Fibroma or fibrosarcoma
- Haemangioma or haemangiosarcoma
- Rhabdomyosarcoma
A rhabdomyosarcoma affects where in the LUT?
Urethral sphincter - forms from striated myocytes
- Young (<18m), large/giant breed dogs
Are mesenchymal or epithelial neoplasia’s of the LUT more common?
Epithelial
Give examples of epithelial tumours of the bladder.
- Transitional cell papilloma
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Transitional cell carcinoma
Which epithelial neoplasm is the most invasive and neoplastic?
Transitional cell carcinoma
Briefly describe squamous cell carcinoma.
- Slow growing
- Infiltrative but less likely to metastasise (only in later stages)
- May be nodular, sessile or ulcerated
- May arise in metaplastic epithelium
Briefly describe transitional cell carcinoma.
- Highly invasive
- Nodular or plaque
- Primarily occurs at trigone
- Metastatic (in more than 50% of cases)
What animals are predisposed to bladder transitional cell carcinoma?
- Dogs
- Neutered males
- Older dogs 9+
- Females
- Airedale, Beagle + Scottie predisposed
Where does transitional cell carcinoma frequently metastasise to?
- lung
- sub-mandibular lymph node
- pelvic bones and vertebrae
How does transitional cell carcinoma appear grossly?
Multifocal to coalescing, raised, pink and reddened nodules, both on the mucosal and serosal surface
- Dramatic spread
How does transitional cell carcinoma appear histologically?
- Excessive proliferative folds in the lumen
- Active invasion of the connective tissue and muscle
- Dense numbers of tumour cells, inflammatory cells, mitotic figures
Define the following terms:
- Dysuria
- Anuria
- Oliguria
- Polyuria
- Polydipsia
- Dysuria = painful or difficult urine
- Anuria = no urine output
- Oliguria = low urine output
- Polyuria = high urine output
- Polydipsia = high water consumption
Define the following terms:
- Isothenuria
- Hyposthenuria
- Isothenuria = cannot form urine with a higher or a lower specific gravity (SG) than that of protein free plasma. SG of the urine becomes fixed around 1.010, irrespective of the fluid intake.
- Hyposthenuria = urine of low specific gravity
Define the following terms:
- Azotaemia
- Uraemia
Azotaemia – a higher than normal blood level of urea or other nitrogen containing compounds. The basic test is the blood urea nitrogen level (BUN).
Uraemia – the clinical syndrome of toxicosis from renal failure.
Chronic renal failure is common in which species?
Cats
What are the three critical requirements for renal function where damage to any of these can send the animal into renal failure?
- Adequate renal blood flow
- Sufficient functioning nephrons
- Expulsion of continuous urinary output
Describe pre-renal failure and its causes
- inadequate blood flow causes hypoperfusion
- haemorrhage, shock, cardiac failure
- Renal parenchyma undamaged initially.
- Potentially reversible if blood flow is restored before excessive anoxic damage occurs.
Describe intrinsic renal failure and its causes
- inflammation, toxins, neoplasia, fibrosis, congenital defects
- Damage occurs which requires time for repair or compensatory hypertrophy.
- Requires aggressive therapy to correct fluid + electrolyte balance
